University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Dallas Campus Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences ProfessorAppointed: 1999 University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Medicine Internal Medicine Epidemiology Adjunct ProfessorAppointed: 2000 |  |
QualificationsM.P.H., Columbia University, Public Health, 1976. M.D., Howard University, Medicine, 1962. Expertise and Research InterestsPrimary area of research is in public health and preventive medicine, occupational and environmental health, and relates to dioxins and related chemicals. Exposure determination in humans, food and the environment are major interests. Health effects as well as exposure are concerns. Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants, especially in U.S. nursing mothers' milk, as well as in humans at all ages from fetus on and food and environmental samples constitutes a new interest. Agent Orange in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos are areas of ongoing research. Levels of ioxins in the USA, Russia, Israel, Palestinian areas, Japan, China, Vietnam and other countries are being characterized. By dioxins and related persistent organic pollutants, I include also dibenzofurans, PCBs, DDT and metabolites, HCH, HCB, and similar chemicals. Editorship of the standard reference text on dioxins, 2003, "Dioxins and Health, 2nd Ed.," Arnold Schecter and Thomas Gasiewicz, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ. Editorship of the Environmental Section, Maxcy Rosenau Last Public Health and Preventive Medicine, 15th Ed, published 2007. Also involved in field epidemiology and environmental aspects of persistent organic pollutants including those described above. Previous interests included in developing pharmacologic agents used in rehabilitating opiate addicts, including development of protocols using levo alpha acetyl methadol, long acting methadone, or LAAM, and the narcotic antagonist naltrexone, in rehabilitation programs. Recent work includes identification of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in US mothers' milk, and in US blood, and in food and environmental samples. Also the pharmacokinetics of methyl eugenol in humans. Other ExpertiseOther interests include: - Working with community groups, Congress, environmental groups, and communicating to the public through the media, print, radio and televsion, local, national and international. - Identification and characterization of brominated flame retardants in humans, food, and the environment - Trace source and fate of POPs. - Determination of their human health consequences. Future ResearchDetermining where dioxin from Agent Orange caused elevated body burden in Vietnamese living in Vietnam and what the health consequences are continues to be a major activitiy. This includes Vietnamese, Laotians, and Cambodians in those countries as well as in the USA and elsewhere.It includes also US Vietnam veteran public health service as well as research. Dioxin and brominated flame retardant exposure from occupational and environmental sources including food are activities of intererest. Prevention and treatment of dioxin contamination of humans is of interest. Partitioning of dioxins, brominated flame retardants and related compounds in human tissues is being studied, and health consequences being characterized, especially perinatal and also including nursing infant exposure. Industrial RelevanceDioxins are unwanted contaminants. They can be prevented and not formed, or once formed, kept at a very low level in the environment, and a way from people or wildlife. PCBs, and brominated flame retardants, like DDT, are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) also but were and are intentionally used to provide better health-this, despite their toxicity. It becomes important to determine how to weigh risks vs benefits in this area. Brominated flame retardants, although useful in preventing injury and death can persist in the environment and are believed to cause an increase in certain health condiditions. Those of us in public health are in a position to be neutral experts in these matters and should attempt to do so. KeywordsCOS Keywords:Environmental Health, Environmental Sciences, Epidemiology, Internal Medicine, Occupational Health and Safety, Preventive Medicine, Psychiatry, Public Health, Substance Abuse, Toxicology.Additional Terms:Dibenzofurans, Dioxins, PCBs, POPs, Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs).Languages(Reading, Writing, Speaking)English: (Fluent, Fluent, Fluent) German: (Basic, Basic, Basic) MembershipsAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science American Chemical Society American College of Epidemiology American College of Occupational & Environmental Medicine American College of Preventive Medicine American Public Health Association Association for Prevention Teaching and Research International Society for Environmental Epidemiology International Society for Exposure Assessment Society of Epidemiologic Research Society of Toxicology Previous Positions1997-1998, Special Expert,
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH,
National Toxicology Program
1979-1989, Professor,
SUNY - Upstate Medical University,
Preventive Medicine,
Binghamton Clinical Campus
1977-1979, Associate Professor,
New Jersey Medical School,
Preventive Medicine
1975-1977, Assistant Professor,
State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn,
Psychiatry,
Substance Abuse
Funding Received- Pfeiffer Reseach Foundation:
Chemical contaminants in US food,
2007
to 2008.
- US Air Force:
Health Study,
to .
- US EPA:
Environmental Health Professionals Training,
to .
- US EPA:
Dioxins in cooked and uncooked food,
to .
- CS Fund:
Dioxins in Southeast Asia,
to .
- Christopher Reynolds Foundation:
Agent Orange in Vietnam,
to .
- ExxonMobil:
Academic and Research,
to .
- Albert Kunstadter Family Foundation:
Southeast Asia Health Studies,
to .
- Samuel Rubin Foundation:
Vietnam Agent Orange Studies,
to .
Publications- Arnold Schecter (2007) Brominated Flame Retardants in US food, Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, In Press
- Arnold Schecter, Nirav Shah (2007) Estimates of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Intake from Food, Dust and Air in the US General Population, Environmental Health Perspectives, Submitted
- Schecter, A, Birnbaum, L, Ryan, J, Constable, J (2007) Response to "Letter to the Editor", Environmental Research, 103 (1)
- Arnold Schecter (2007) Maxcy-Rosenau-Last Public Health & Preventive Medicine, 15th Edition, New York, McGraw-Hill
- Gupta, A, Ketchum, N, Roehrborn, C G, Schecter, A, Aragaki, C, Michalek, J (2006) Dioxin, testosterone and subsequent risk of benighn prostatic hyperplasia: a prospective cohort study of Air Force veterans, Environmental Health Perspectives, 114 (11), 1649-1654
- Schecter, A, Paepke, O, Harris, T R, Olson, J, Musumba, A, Birnbaum, L (2006) An expanded market basket survey of US food for PBDEs and estimated dietary intake by age and sex, Environmental Health Perspectives, 114 (10), 1515-1520
- Schecter, A, Constable, J D (2006) Commentary: Agent Orange and birth defects in Vietnam, International Journal of Epidemiology
- Gupta, A, Schecter, A, Aragaki, C, Roehrborn, C, Claus, G (2006) Dioxin exposure and benign prostatic hyperplasia, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 48 (7), 708-714
- Schecter, A, Harris, T R, Paepke, O, Tung, KC, Musumba, A (2006) Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) levels in the blood of pure vegetarians (vegans), Journal of Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 88 (1), 107-112
- Schecter, A., Johnson-Welch, S, Tung, K C, Harris, T R, Paepke, O, Rosen, R (2006) Polybrominated diphenly ether (PBDE) levels in U.S. human fetuses and newborns, Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 70 (1), 1-6
- Schecter, A, Birnbaum, L, Ryan, J, Constable, J (2006) Dioxins: An Overview, Environmental Research, 101 (3), 419-428
- Schecter, A, Paepke, O, Tung, K C, Brown, T, Musumba, A (2006) Changes in polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in cooked food, Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 88 (2), 207-211
- Schecter, A, Quynh, H T, Paepke, O, Tung, K C, Constable, J D (2006) Agent Orange, dioxins and other chemicals of concern in Vietnam, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 48 (4), 408-413
- Schecter A, Papke O, Joseph JE, Tung KC (Apr 2005) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in U.S. computers and domestic
carpet vacuuming: possible sources of human exposure., Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part a, 68 (7), 501-13
 - Pavuk M, Michalek JE, Schecter A, Ketchum NS, Akhtar FZ, Fox KA (Apr 2005) Did TCDD exposure or service in Southeast Asia increase the risk of cancer in air force Vietnam veterans who did not spray Agent Orange?, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine., 47 (4), 335-42
 - Schecter A, Papke O, Tung KC, Joseph J, Harris TR, Dahlgren J (Mar 2005) Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the U.S. population:
current levels, temporal trends, and comparison with dioxins,
dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls., Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine., 47 (3), 199-211
 - Schecter, A, Paepke, O, Ryan, J, Tung, K C, Olson, J, Harris, T R (2005) PBDE in US human milk, archived and recent blood, fetal liver, partitioning between milk and blood, cooked and uncooked fodd and enviromental specimens, Organohalogen Compounds, 67, 651-653
- Schecter, A, Ryan, J (2005) Dioxin poisoning in Gemany the USA and Russia, Organohalogen Compounds, 67, 1718-1721
- Schecter A, Pavuk M, Papke O, Malisch R (Oct 2004) The use of potassium dichromate and ethyl alcohol as blood preservatives
for analysis of organochlorine contaminants., Chemosphere, 57 (1), 1-7
 - Schecter A, Papke O, Tung KC, Staskal D, Birnbaum L (Oct 2004) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers contamination of United States food., Environmental Science & Technology, 38 (20), 5306-11
 - Schecter A, Lucier GW, Cunningham ML, Abdo KM, Blumenthal G, Silver AG, Melnick R, Portier C, Barr DB, Barr JR, Stanfill SB, Patterson DG Jr, Needham LL, Stopford W, Masten S, Mignogna J, Tung KC (May 2004) Human consumption of methyleugenol and its elimination from serum., Environmental Health Perspectives, 112 (6), 678-80
 - Malik S, Schecter A, Caughy M, Fixler DE (Apr 2004) Effect of proximity to hazardous waste sites on the development of
congenital heart disease., Archives of Environmental Health, 59 (4), 177-81
 - Pavuk M, Cerhan JR, Lynch CF, Schecter A, Petrik J, Chovancova J, Kocan A (Mar 2004) Environmental exposure to PCBs and cancer incidence in eastern Slovakia., Chemosphere, 54 (10), 1509-20
 - Schecter A, Pavuk M, Malisch R, Ryan JJ (Nov 2003) Dioxin, dibenzofuran, and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels in food
from Agent Orange-sprayed and nonsprayed areas of Laos., Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part a, 66 (22), 2165-86
 - Schecter A, Pavuk M, Papke O, Ryan JJ (Nov 2003) Dioxin, dibenzofuran, and coplanar PCB levels in Laotian blood and milk
from agent orange-sprayed and nonsprayed areas, 2001., Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part a, 66 (21), 2067-75
 - Schecter A, Pavuk M, Papke O, Ryan JJ, Birnbaum L, Rosen R (Nov 2003) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in U.S. mothers' milk., Environmental Health Perspectives, 111 (14), 1723-9
 - Schecter A, Pavuk M, Malisch R, Ryan JJ, Are Vietnamese food exports contaminated with dioxin from Agent Orange?, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part a, 66(15), 1391-404, August 2003
 - Schecter A, Quynh HT, Pavuk M, Papke O, Malisch R, Constable JD, Food as a source of dioxin exposure in the residents of Bien Hoa City,
Vietnam, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine., 45(8), 781-8, August 2003
 - Schecter A, Pavuk M, Malisch R, Ryan JJ (Aug 2003) Are Vietnamese food exports contaminated with dioxin from Agent Orange?, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part a, 66 (15), 1391-404
 - Schecter A, Quynh HT, Pavuk M, Papke O, Malisch R, Constable JD (Aug 2003) Food as a source of dioxin exposure in the residents of Bien Hoa City,
Vietnam., Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine., 45 (8), 781-8
 - Pavuk M, Schecter AJ, Akhtar FZ, Michalek JE, Serum 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) levels and thyroid
function in Air Force veterans of the Vietnam War, Annals of Epidemiology, 13(5), 335-43, May 2003
 - Pavuk M, Schecter AJ, Akhtar FZ, Michalek JE (May 2003) Serum 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) levels and thyroid
function in Air Force veterans of the Vietnam War., Annals of Epidemiology, 13 (5), 335-43
 - Schecter A, Wallace D, Pavuk M, Piskac A, Papke O, Dioxins in commercial United States baby food, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part a, 65(23), 1937-43, December 2002
 - Schecter A, Pavuk M, Amirova DA, Grosheva EI, Papke, Ryan JJ, Adibi J, Piskac AL, Characterization of dioxin exposure in firefighters, residents, and
chemical workers in the Irkutsk Region of Russian Siberia, Chemosphere, 47(2), 147-56, April 2002
 - Schecter A, Piskac AL, Grosheva EI, Matorova NI, Ryan JJ, Furst P, Papke, Adibi J, Pavuk M, Silver A, Ghaffar S, Levels of dioxins and dibenzofurans in breast milk of women residing in
two cities in the Irkutsk Region of Russian Siberia compared with American
levels, Chemosphere, 47(2), 157-64, April 2002
 - DeVito MJ, Schecter A, Exposure assessment to dioxins from the use of tampons and diapers, Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(1), 23-8, January 2002
 - Schecter A, Cramer P, Boggess K, Stanley J, Papke O, Olson J, Silver A, Schmitz M, Intake of dioxins and related compounds from food in the U.S. population, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part a, 63(1), 1-18, May 2001
 - Schecter A, Dai LC, Papke O, Prange J, Constable JD, Matsuda M, Thao VD, Piskac AL, Recent dioxin contamination from Agent Orange in residents of a southern
Vietnam city, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine., 43(5), 435-43, May 2001
 - Ryan JJ, Schecter A, Exposure of Russian phenoxy herbicide producers to dioxins, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine., 42(9), 861-70, September 2000
 - Longnecker MP, Ryan JJ, Gladen BC, Schecter AJ, Correlations among human plasma levels of dioxin-like compounds and
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and implications for epidemiologic
studies, Archives of Environmental Health, 55(3), 195-200, 2000
 - Barr DB, Barr JR, Bailey SL, Lapeza CR Jr, Beeson MD, Caudill SP, Maggio VL, Schecter A, Masten SA, Lucier GW, Needham LL, Sampson EJ, Levels of methyleugenol in a subset of adults in the general U.S.
population as determined by high resolution mass spectrometry, Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(4), 323-8, April 2000
 - Gladen BC, Longnecker MP, Schecter AJ, Correlations among polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, and furans in
humans, American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 35(1), 15-20, Jan 1999
 - Lucier GW, Schecter A, Human exposure assessment and the National Toxicology Program, Environmental Health Perspectives, 106(10), 623-7, October 1998
 - Masuda Y, Schecter A, Papke O, Concentrations of PCBs, PCDFs and PCDDs in the blood of Yusho patients and
their toxic equivalent contribution, Chemosphere, 37(9-12), 1773-80, 1998
 - Schecter A, Ryan JJ, Papke O, Decrease in levels and body burden of dioxins, dibenzofurans, PCBS, DDE,
and HCB in blood and milk in a mother nursing twins over a thirty-eight
month period, Chemosphere, 37(9-12), 1807-16, 1998
 - Schecter A, Kassis I, Papke O, Partitioning of dioxins, dibenzofurans, and coplanar PCBS in blood, milk,
adipose tissue, placenta and cord blood from five American
women, Chemosphere, 37(9-12), 1817-23, 1998
 - Schecter A, Dellarco M, Papke O, Olson J, A comparison of dioxins, dibenzofurans and coplanar PCBs in uncooked and
broiled ground beef, catfish and bacon, Chemosphere, 37(9-12), 1723-30, 1998
 - Schecter A, A selective historical review of congener-specific human tissue
measurements as sensitive and specific biomarkers of exposure to dioxins
and related compounds, Environmental Health Perspectives, 106 Suppl 2, 737-42, April 1998
 - Schecter A, Toniolo P, Dai LC, Thuy LT, Wolff MS, Blood levels of DDT and breast cancer risk among women living in the north
of Vietnam, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 33(4), 453-6, November 1997
 - Masuda Y, Kuroki H, Haraguchi K, Schecter A, Papke O, [The condition of PCBs and PCDFs in the blood of Yusho patients 20 years
after the onset], Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi = Hukuoka Acta Medica, 88(5), 149-56, May 1997
 - Schecter A, Olson JR, Cancer risk assessment using blood dioxin levels and daily dietary TEQ
intake in general populations of industrial and non-industrial
countries, Chemosphere, 34(5-7), 1569-77, 1997
 - Schecter A, Cramer P, Boggess K, Stanley J, Olson JR, Levels of dioxins, dibenzofurans, PCB and DDE congeners in pooled food
samples collected in 1995 at supermarkets across the United
States, Chemosphere, 34(5-7), 1437-47, 1997
 - Schecter A, McGee H, Stanley JS, Boggess K, Brandt-Rauf P, Dioxins and dioxin-like chemicals in blood and semen of American Vietnam
veterans from the state of Michigan, American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 30(6), 647-54, December 1996
 - Schecter AJ, Li L, Ke J, Furst P, Furst C, Papke O, Pesticide application and increased dioxin body burden in male and female
agricultural workers in China, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine., 38(9), 906-11, September 1996
 - Schecter A, Brandt-Rauf P, Olson J, Meat intake and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association, 276(7), 524-5, August 1996
 - Schecter AJ, Olson J, Papke O, Exposure of laboratory animals to polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and
polychlorinated dibenzofurans from commerical rodent
chow, Chemosphere, 32(3), 501-8, February 1996
 - Smirnov AD, Schecter A, Papke O, Beljak AA, Conclusions from Ufa, Russia, drinking water dioxin cleanup experiments
involving different treatment technologies, Chemosphere, 32(3), 479-89, February 1996
 - Schecter A, Startin J, Wright C, Papke O, Ball M, Lis A, Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in
human placental and fetal tissues from the U.S. and in placentas from
Yu-Cheng exposed mothers, Chemosphere, 32(3), 551-7, February 1996
 - Schecter A, Papke O, Lis A, Ball M, Ryan JJ, Olson JR, Li L, Kessler H, Decrease in milk and blood dioxin levels over two years in a mother
nursing twins: estimates of decreased maternal and increased infant dioxin
body burden from nursing, Chemosphere, 32(3), 543-9, February 1996
 - Schecter A, Papke O, Ball M, Lis A, Brandt-Rauf P, Dioxin concentrations in the blood of workers at municipal waste
incinerators, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 52(6), 385-7, June 1995
 - Schecter A, Dai LC, Thuy LT, Quynh HT, Minh DQ, Cau HD, Phiet PH, Nguyen NT, Constable JD, Baughman R, et al., Agent Orange and the Vietnamese: the persistence of elevated dioxin levels
in human tissues, American Journal of Public Health, 85(4), 516-22, April 1995
 - Schecter A, Elevated dioxin blood levels in British chemical workers, Journal of Occupational Medicine. : Official Publication of the Industrial Medical Association., 36(12), 1283-4, 1286-7, December 1994
 - Schecter A, Ryan JJ, Papke O, Elevated dioxin blood levels in Russian chemical workers and their
children following maternal exposure, Chemosphere, 29(9-11), 2361-70, 1994
 - Schecter A, Jiang K, Papke O, Furst P, Furst C, Comparison of dibenzodioxin levels in blood and milk in agricultural
workers and others following pentachlorophenol exposure in
China, Chemosphere, 29(9-11), 2371-80, 1994
 - Schecter A, Startin J, Wright C, Kelly M, Papke O, Lis A, Ball M, Olson JR, Congener-specific levels of dioxins and dibenzofurans in U.S. food and
estimated daily dioxin toxic equivalent intake, Environmental Health Perspectives, 102(11), 962-6, November 1994
 - Schecter A, Startin J, Wright C, Kelly M, Papke O, Lis A, Ball M, Olson J, Dioxins in U.S. food and estimated daily intake, Chemosphere, 29(9-11), 2261-5, 1994
 - Schecter A, Ryan JJ, Masuda Y, Brandt-Rauf P, Constable J, Hoang DC, Le CD, Hoang TQ, Nguyen TN, Pham HP, Chlorinated and brominated dioxins and dibenzofurans in human tissue
following exposure, Environmental Health Perspectives, 102 Suppl 1, 135-47, January 1994
 - Schecter A, Stanley J, Boggess K, Masuda Y, Mes J, Wolff M, Furst P, Furst C, Wilson-Yang K, Chisholm B, Polychlorinated biphenyl levels in the tissues of exposed and nonexposed
humans, Environmental Health Perspectives, 102 Suppl 1, 149-58, January 1994
 - Schecter A, Furst P, Furst C, Papke O, Ball M, Ryan JJ, Hoang DC, Le CD, Hoang TQ, Cuong HQ, et al., Chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans in human tissue from general
populations: a selective review, Environmental Health Perspectives, 102 Suppl 1, 159-71, January 1994
 - Wolff MS, Schecter A, Use of PCB blood levels to assess potential exposure following an
electrical transformer explosion, Journal of Occupational Medicine. : Official Publication of the Industrial Medical Association., 34(11), 1079-83, November 1992
 - Schecter A, Ryan JJ, Persistent brominated and chlorinated dioxin blood levels in a chemist. 35
years after dioxin exposure, Journal of Occupational Medicine. : Official Publication of the Industrial Medical Association., 34(7), 702-7, July 1992
 - Wolff MS, Schecter A, Accidental exposure of children to polychlorinated biphenyls, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 20(4), 449-53, May 1991
 - Phuong NT, Hung BS, Schecter A, Vu DQ, Dioxin levels in adipose tissues of hospitalized women living in the south
of Vietnam in 1984-89 with a brief review of their clinical
histories, Women & Health, 16(1), 79-93, 1990
 - Huang Lu CJ, Baggs RB, Redmond D, Henry EC, Schecter A, Gasiewicz TA, Toxicity and evidence for metabolic alterations in
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-treated guinea pigs fed by total
parenteral nutrition, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 84(3), 439-53, July 1986
 - Schecter A, Medical surveillance of exposed persons after exposure to PCBs,
chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans after PCB transformer or
capacitor incidents, Environmental Health Perspectives, 60, 333-8, May 1985
 - Schecter A, Tiernan T, Occupational exposure to polychlorinated dioxins, polychlorinated furans,
polychlorinated biphenyls, and biphenylenes after an electrical panel and
transformer accident in an office buildi, Environmental Health Perspectives, 60, 305-13, May 1985
 - Schecter A, Tiernan T, Schaffner F, Taylor M, Gitlitz G, VanNess GF, Garrett JH, Wagel DJ, Patient fat biopsies for chemical analysis and liver biopsies for
ultrastructural characterization after exposure to polychlorinated
dioxins, furans and PCBs, Environmental Health Perspectives, 60, 241-54, May 1985

Profile DetailsLast Verified: 11/13/2007 Individual Expertise profile of Arnold Schecter, Copyright Arnold Schecter. © COS Expertise TM, 2008, ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. |