Dr. Shirley A. A. Beresford

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University of Washington
School of Public Health and Community Medicine
Epidemiology
ProfessorAppointed: 1987
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Public Health Sciences Division
Cancer Prevention Research & Epidemiology
MemberAppointed: 1989
Professional Headshot of Shirley A. A. Beresford

Mailing Address

Department of Epidemiology
University of Washington
Box 357236
Seattle, Washington 98195-7236
United States

Contact Information

Phone: (206) 543-9512
Fax: (206) 685-9651
beresfrd@u.washington.edu

Qualifications

Ph.D., University of London, Epidemiology, 1981.
M.A., University of Cambridge, Mathematics Tripos, 1974.
M.Sc., University of Sussex, Mathematical Statistics, 1971.
B.A., University of Cambridge, Mathematics Tripos, 1970.

Expertise and Research Interests

Dr. Beresford began her career as a medical statistician and then epidemiologist in London. She has published more than 20 papers or book chapters on cardiovascular disease or its risk factors, including one of the most highly cited meta-analyses of homocysteine and cardiovascular disease risk, and more than 25 papers on cancer risk. Dr. Beresford has published more than 40 papers on dietary factors, including folate status, or dietary behavior, including reducing dietary fat intake and increasing fruit and vegetable intake, out of a total of more than 100 peer-reviewed publications. She has co-authored a book chapter in nutritional epidemiology. Dr. Beresford was a member of the Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health, National Academy of Sciences, 2002 - 2004, and an invited speaker at the Institute of Medicine's workshop on Managing Food-related Risks in 2005. Her research interests are in the areas of nutritional epidemiology and chronic disease prevention. Her work is specifically designed to improve the scientific basis for public health policy and recommendations concerning dietary intake, physical activity and intake of folic acid. She has been Principal Investigator on numerous individual and group randomized trials of dietary behavior intervention. In particular, Dr. Beresford has been an investigator with the Women's Health Initiative since its inception, contributing to the intervention design in the Dietary Modification trial, and is lead author of one of the primary results papers of the randomized trial, namely the low fat dietary pattern and risk of colorectal cancer.

She is Professor in the Department of Epidemiology, Member of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and also a member of the core faculty of the Nutritional Sciences Program, and affiliate investigator with the Clinical Nutrition Research Unit.

Dr. Beresford co-founded and teaches the course EPI 538 / NUTR 538 ''Nutritional Epidemiology'', currently offered in Autumn quarter.

Dr. Beresford chairs the social epidemiology working group in the School of Public Health, and co-teaches the course EPI 548/ HSERV 548 'Social Determinants of Health: research methods', currently offered in Winter quarter.

Other Expertise

Delta Omega Society, Theta Chapter

Keywords

COS Keywords:

Cancer Or Carcinogenesis, Cancer Prevention, Cardiovascular Diseases, Disease Prevention, Epidemiology, Hormones, Nutrition Or Dietetics.

Additional Terms:

Cancer Prevention, Diet and Exercise in Disease Prevention, Dietary Factors, Folic Acid, Social Determinants.

Memberships

American Epidemiological Society
American Public Health Association
American Society of Preventive Oncology
Delta Omega Society
International Epidemiological Association
Royal Statistical Society
Society for Epidemiological Research
Society for Social Medicine

Honors and Awards

2001, Member, America's Registry of Outstanding Professionals
1999, Career Appreciation Certificate, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
1997, Elected Member American Epidemiological Society
1991, Professional Advisory Council Award, Spina Bifida Association of America
1990, President's Excellence Award, Spina Bifida Association of America
1984, Outstanding Performance Award, Veterans Administration
1984, Elected Member Delta Omega Society
1967, Scholarship (not claimed), St. Hughes College, Oxford University, Mathematics

Previous Positions

1984-1987, Assistant Professor, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Public Health, Epidemiology
1982-1984, Senior Research Health Scientist, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Clinical Epidemiology and Health Services Research
1982-1984, Assistant Professor, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center, Community and Family Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics
1976-1982, Research Fellow, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology and General Practice
1976-1982, Honorary Lecturer, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology and General Practice
1971-1976, Lecturer, St. Thomas' Hospital Medical School, Medical School, Community Medicine

Funding Received

  • National Institutes of Health (NIH): Worksite Program to Increase Fruit and Vegetable Intake, $4,121,464, May 1, 1993 to Mar 31, 2004.
  • National Institutes of Health (NIH): Dietary Intervention Trial in Primary Care Practices, $1,123,846, Jun 1, 1989 to Nov 30, 1993.
  • National Institutes of Health (NIH): Folic acid intake & homocysteine: a dose-response study, $456,563, Dec 1, 1997 to Nov 30, 2002.
  • National Institutes of Health (NIH): Components of prenatal care and low birthweight, $125,000, Aug 1, 1991 to Apr 30, 1993.
  • National Institutes of Health (NIH): Endometrial Cancer Risk and Postmenopausal Hormone Use, $1,070,000, Apr 1, 1989 to Jun 30, 1996.
  • Department of the Environment, London, via Water Research Center: Health Aspects of Organic Compounds in Drinking Water, $60,000, Apr 1, 1980 to Mar 31, 1982.
  • National Cancer Institute (NCI): Enhancing long-term behavior change in worksites, $2,240,000, 2005 to 2009.
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI): Reducing obesity at the workplace: a randomized trial, $2,000,000, 2004 to 2008.
  • National Institutes of Health (NIH): Vanguard Clinical Centers for Clinical Trial and Observational Study of the Women's Health Initiative/West, $7,742,593, 1993 to 2010.

Publications

  • Fries E, Edinboro P, McClish D, Manion L, Bowen D, Beresford SA, Ripley J, Randomized Trial of a Low-Intensity Dietary Intervention in Rural Residents: the Rural Physician Cancer Prevention Project, American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 28(2):162-8, Unpublished, Feb 2008
  • Neuhouser ML, Tinker LF, Thompson C, Horn LV, Snetselaar L, Parker LM, Patterson RE, Robinson-O'Brien R, Beresford SA, Shikany JM (2006) Development of a Glycemic Index Database for Food Frequency Questionnaires Used in Epidemiologic Studies, Journal of Nutrition, 136(6):1604-9
  • Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Wallace RB, Robbins J, Lewis CE, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Et Al. (2006) Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures, N Engl J Med, 354 (7), 669-683
  • Prentice RL, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, Patterson R, Kuller LH, Ockene JK, Margolis KL, Limacher MC, Manson JE, Parker LM, Paskett E, Phillips L, Robbins J, Rossouw JE, Sarto GE, Shikany JM, Stefanick ML, Thompson CA, Van Horn L, Vitolins MZ, Wactawski-Wende J, Wallace RB, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Whitlock E, Yano K, Adams-Campbell L, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Beresford SAA, Et Al. (2006) Low-Fat Eating Pattern and Risk of Breast Cancer: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial, JAMA, 295 (6), 629-642
  • Howard B, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, Beresford SAA, Frank G, Jones B, Rodabough RJ, Snetselaar L, Thomson C, Tinker L, Vitolins M, Prentice R (2006) Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Weight Change Over 7 Years - the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial, JAMA, 295, 39-49
  • Beresford SAA, Johnson KC, Ritenbaugh C, Lasser NL, Snetselaar LG, Black HR, Anderson GL, Et Al. (2006) Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial, JAMA, 295, 643-654
  • Anderson CA, Jorgensen AL, Deeb S, McLerran D, Beresford SA, Motulsky AG, Equal proportion of adult male and female homozygous for the 677C --> T mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism., American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part a, 134(1), 97-9, Apr 2005 Abstract
  • Ko CW, Beresford SA, Schulte SJ, Matsumoto AM, Lee SP (Feb 2005) Incidence, natural history, and risk factors for biliary sludge and stones during pregnancy., Hepatology (baltimore, Md.), 41 (2), 359-65 Abstract
  • Fries E, Edinboro P, McClish D, Manion L, Bowen D, Beresford SA, Ripley J (Feb 2005) Randomized trial of a low-intensity dietary intervention in rural residents: the Rural Physician Cancer Prevention Project., American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28 (2), 162-8 Abstract
  • Thompson B, Hannon PA, Bishop SK, West BE, Peterson AK, Beresford SA (Jul-Aug 2005) Factors related to participatory employee advisory boards in small, blue-collar worksites., American Journal of Health Promotion : Ajhp, 19 (6), 430-7 Abstract
  • Yasui Y, Feng Z, Diehr P, McLerran D, Beresford SA, MuCulloch CE, Evaluation of Community-Intervention Trials Via Generalized Linear Mixed Models, Biometrics, 60(4):1043-52, Dec 2004
  • Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black H, et al, Women's Health Initiative Steering Committee (14 Apr 2004) Effects of conjugated equine estrogens in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial, JAMA, 291 (14), 1701-1712
  • Bowen DJ, Beresford SAA, Vu T, Feng Z, Tiunker L, Hart A, Christensen CL, McLerran D, Satia-About a J, Campbell M, Baseline data and design for a randomized intervention study of dietary change in religious organizations, Prev Med, 39, 602-611, 2004
  • Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health, Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Board on Life Sciences, National Academies Press, 2004
  • Reed SD, Voigt LF, Beresford SAA, Hill DA, Doherty JA, Weiss NS (2004) Dose of progestin in postmenopausal combined hormone therapy and risk of endometrial cancer, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 191 (4), 1146-1151
  • The Women's Health Initiative Study Group (2004) Dietary adherence in the women's health initiative dietary modification trial, J Am Diet Assoc, 104 (4), 654-658
  • Johnson DB, Beaudoin S, Smith LT, Beresford SA, LoGerfo JP (Jan 2004) Increasing fruit and vegetable intake in homebound elders: the Seattle Senior Farmers' Market Nutrition Pilot Program., Preventing Chronic Disease [electronic Resource], 1 (1), A03 Abstract
  • Anderson GL, Judd HL, Kaunitz AM, Barad DH, Beresford SA, Pettinger M, Liu J, McNeeley SG, Lopez AM, Women's Health Initiative Investigators (October 2003) Effects of estrogen plus progestin on gynecologic cancers and associated diagnostic procedures: the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial, Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association, 290 (13), 1739-48
  • Diehr, P., Beresford, S.A.A. (2003) The relation of dietary patterns to future survival, health, and cardiovascular events in older adults, J Clin Epidem, 56, 1224-1235
  • Rajan S, Wallace JI, Brodkin KI, Beresford SA, Allen RH, Stabler SP (November 2002) Response of elevated methylmalonic acid to three dose levels of oral cobalamin in older adults, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50 (11), 1789-95
  • Horner NK, Patterson RE, Neuhouser ML, Lampe JW, Beresford SA, Prentice RL (October 2002) Participant characteristics associated with errors in self-reported energy intake from the Women's Health Initiative food-frequency questionnaire, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 76 (4), 766-73
  • Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators (2002) Risks and Benefits of Estrogen plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: Principal results from the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial, J Am Med Soc, 288 (3), 321-333
  • Rajan S, Wallace JI, Beresford SA, Brodkin KI, Allen RA, Stabler SP (April 2002) Screening for cobalamin deficiency in geriatric outpatients: prevalence and influence of synthetic cobalamin intake, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50 (4), 624-30
  • Bowen DJ, Beresford SA, Dietary interventions to prevent disease, Annual Review of Public Health, 23, 255-86, 2002
  • Vander Stoep A, Weiss NS, McKnight B, Beresford SAA, Cohen P (2002) Which Measure of Adolescent Psychiatric Disorder---Diagnosis, Number of Symptoms, or Adaptive Functioning -- Best Predicts Adverse Young Adult Outcomes?, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 56, 56-65
  • Feinleib, M., Beresford, S.A.A., Bowman, B.A., Mills, J.A., Rader, J.I., Selhub, J., Yetley, E.A. (2002) Case Study: Folate Fortification for the Prevention of Birth Defects, American Journal of Epidemiology, 154 (12), S60-S69
  • Bowen DJ, Beresford SA, Dietary Intervention to Prevent Disease, Annual Review of Public Health, 23:255-86, 2002
  • The Homocysteine Studies Collaboration (2002) Homocysteine and risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke: A meta-analysis, JAMA, 288 (16), 2015-2022
  • O'Halloran P, Lazovich D, Patterson RE, Harnack L, French S, Curry SJ, Beresford SA (2001) Effect of health lifestyle pattern on dietary change, American Journal of Health Promotion, 16 (1), 27-33
  • Horner NK, Lampe JW, Patterson RE, Neuhouser ML, Beresford SA, Prentice RL (August 2001) Indirect calorimetry protocol development for measuring resting metabolic rate as a component of total energy expenditure in free-living postmenopausal women, Journal of Nutrition, 131 (8), 2215-8
  • Beresford SA, Davies MA, Gallick GE, Donato NJ (May 2001) Differential effects of phosphatidylinositol-3/Akt-kinase inhibition on apoptotic sensitization to cytokines in LNCaP and PCc-3 prostate cancer cells., Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research : the Official Journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research., 21 (5), 313-22 Abstract
  • Beresford SAA, Thompson B, Feng Z, Christianson A, McLerran D, Patrick DL, Seattle 5 a Day worksite program to increase fruit and vegetable consumption, Preventive Medicine, 32, 230-238, 2001
  • Littman AJ, Beresford SAA, White E, The association of dietary fat and plant foods with endometrial cancer, Cancer Causes and Control, 12, 691-702, 2001
  • Neuhouser ML, Beresford SAA, Folic acid: Are current fortification levels adequate?, Nutrition, 17(10), 868-872, 2001
  • Herrinton L, Voigt L, Weiss N, Beresford SAA, Wingo P (2001) Risk factors for synchronous primary endometrial and ovarian cancers, Annals of Epidemiology, 11 (8), 529-533
  • Littman AJ, Voigt LF, Weiss NS, Beresford SAA (2001) Recreational physical activity and endometrial cancer risk, American Journal of Epidemiology, 154 (10), 924-933
  • Hill DA, Weiss NS, Beresford SA, Voigt LF, Daling JR, Stanford JL, Self S (December 2000) Continuous combined hormone replacement therapy and risk of endometrial cancer, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 183 (6), 1456-61
  • Lazovich D, Curry SJ, Beresford SA, Kristal AR, Wagner EH (2000) Implementing a dietary intervention in primary care practice: a process evaluation, American Journal of Health Promotion, 15 (2), 118-25
  • Vander Stoep A, Beresford SA, Weiss NS, McKnight B, Cauce AM, Cohen P (August 2000) Community-based study of the transition to adulthood for adolescents with psychiatric disorder, American Journal of Epidemiology, 152 (4), 352-62
  • Ueland PM, Refsum H, Beresford SA, Vollset SE (August 2000) The controversy over homocysteine and cardiovascular risk [see comments], American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72 (2), 324-32
  • Alem AM, Sherrard DJ, Gillen DL, Weiss NS, Beresford SA, Heckbert SR, Wong C, Stehman-Breen C (July 2000) Increased risk of hip fracture among patients with end-stage renal disease, Kidney International, 58 (1), 396-9
  • Ulrich CM, Kampman E, Bigler J, Schwartz SM, Chen C, Bostick R, Fosdick L, Beresford SA, Yasui Y, Potter JD (April 2000) Lack of association between the C677T MTHFR polymorphism and colorectal hyperplastic polyps, Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 9 (4), 427-33
  • Beresford SA, Shannon J, McLerran D, Thompson B (April 2000) Seattle 5-a-Day Work-Site Project: process evaluation, Health Education and Behavior, 27 (2), 213-22
  • Ko CW, Beresford SAA, Alderman B, Jarvik GP, Schulte SJ, Calhoun B, Tsuchida AM, Koepsell TD, Lee SP (Jan 2000) Apolipoprotein E Genotype and the Risk of Gallbladder Disease in Pregnancy, Hepatology, 31 (1), 18-23
  • Shields TS, Weiss NS, Voigt LF, Beresford SA (November 1999) The additional risk of endometrial cancer associated with unopposed estrogen use in women with other risk factors, Epidemiology, 10 (6), 733-8
  • Ulrich CM, Kampman E, Bigler J, Schwartz SM, Chen C, Bostick R, Fosdick L, Beresford AA, Yasui Y, Potter JD (August 1999) Colorectal adenomas and the C677T MTHFR polymorphism: evidence for gene-environment interaction?, Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 8 (8), 659-68
  • Campbell MK, Reynolds KD, Havas S, Curry S, Bishop D, Nicklas T, Palombo R, Buller D, Feldman R, Topor M, Johnson C, Beresford SA, Motsinger BM, Morrill C, Heimendinger J (August 1999) Stages of change for increasing fruit and vegetable consumption among adults and young adults participating in the national 5-a-Day for Better Health community studies, Health Education and Behavior, 26 (4), 513-34
  • Vander Stoep A, Beresford SA, Weiss NS (July 1999) A didactic device for teaching epidemiology students how to anticipate the effect of a third factor on an exposure-outcome relation, American Journal of Epidemiology, 150 (2), 221
  • Feng Z, Diehr P, Yasui Y, Evans B, Beresford S, Koepsell TD (March 1999) Explaining community-level variance in group randomized trials, Statistics in Medicine, 18 (5), 539-56
  • Patrick DL, Grembowski D, Durham ML, Beresford SAA, Diehr P, Ehreth J, Hecht J, Picciano J, Beery W (1999) Cost and Outcomes of Medicare Reimbursement for HMO Preventive Services, Health Care Financing Review, 20 (4), 25-43
  • Anderson C, Checkoway H, Franklin GM, Beresford S, Smith-Weller T, Swanson PD (Jan 1999) Dietary factors in Parkinson's disease: the role of food groups and specific foods, Movement Disorders, 14 (1), 21-7
  • Neuhouser ML, Beresford SA, Hickok DE, Monsen ER (December 1998) Absorption of dietary and supplemental folate in women with prior pregnancies with neural tube defects and controls, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 17 (6), 625-30
  • Alderman BW, Zhao H, Holt VL, Watts DH, Beresford SA (November 1998) Maternal physical activity in pregnancy and infant size for gestational age, Annals of Epidemiology, 8 (8), 513-9
  • Omenn GS, Beresford SA, Motulsky AG (February 1998) Preventing coronary heart disease: B vitamins and homocysteine, Circulation, 97 (5), 421-4
  • McKnight B, Voigt LF, Beresford SA, Weiss NS (Jan 1998) Re: estrogen-progestin replacement therapy and endometrial cancer, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 90 (2), 164-6
  • Cushing KL, Weiss NS, Voigt LF, McKnight B, Beresford SA (Jan 1998) Risk of endometrial cancer in relation to use of low-dose, unopposed estrogens, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 91 (1), 35-9
  • Shapiro JA, Weiss NS, Beresford SA, Voigt LF (Jan 1998) Menopausal hormone use and endometrial cancer, by tumor grade and invasion, Epidemiology, 9 (1), 99-101
  • Shannon J, Kristal AR, Curry SJ, Beresford SA (May 1997) Application of a behavioral approach to measuring dietary change: the fat- and fiber-related diet behavior questionnaire, Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 6 (5), 355-61
  • Beresford SA, Curry SJ, Kristal AR, Lazovich D, Feng Z, Wagner EH (April 1997) A dietary intervention in primary care practice: the Eating Patterns Study, American Journal of Public Health, 87 (4), 610-6
  • Beresford SA, Weiss NS, Voigt LF, McKnight B (February 1997) Risk of endometrial cancer in relation to use of oestrogen combined with cyclic progestagen therapy in postmenopausal women, Lancet, 349 (9050), 458-61
  • Beresford, S.A.A. and Boushey, C.J, (eds) Bendich A. and Deckelbaum, R., Homocysteine, folic acid and cardiovascular disease risk, Preventive Nutrition, Chapter 11, 193-224, 1997
  • Hill DA, Weiss NS, Voigt LF, Beresford SA (January 1997) Endometrial cancer in relation to intra-uterine device use, International Journal of Cancer, 70 (3), 278-81
  • Green PK, Weiss NS, McKnight B, Voigt LF, Beresford SA (November 1996) Risk of endometrial cancer following cessation of menopausal hormone use (Washington, United States), Cancer Causes and Control, 7 (6), 575-80
  • Boushey CJ, Beresford SA, Omenn GS, Motulsky AG (October 1995) A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes, Jama, 274 (13), 1049-57
  • Patrick DL, Beresford SA, Ehreth J, Diehr P, Picciano J, Durham M, Grembowski DE (1995) Interpreting excess mortality in a prevention trial for older adults, International Journal of Epidemiology, 24 Suppl 1, S27-33
  • Beresford SA (March 1994) How do we get enough folic acid to prevent some neural tube defects?, American Journal of Public Health, 84 (3), 348-50
  • Kristal AR, Beresford SA, Lazovich D (January 1994) Assessing change in diet-intervention research, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 59 (1 Suppl), 185S-9S
  • Beresford, S.A.A., Farmer, E.M.Z., Feingold, L., Graves, K.L., Sumner, S.K. and Baker, R.M. (1992) Evaluation of a self-help dietary intervention in a primary care setting, American Journal of Public Health, 82 (1), 79-84
  • Beresford, S.A.A., and Coker A.L. (1989) Pictorially assisted recall of past hormone use in case-control studies, American Journal of Epidemiology, 130 (1), 202-205
  • Beresford, S.A.A. (1985) Is nitrate in the drinking water associated with the risk of cancer in the urban U.K.?, International Journal of Epidemiology, 14 (1), 57-63
  • Beresford, S.A.A. (1983) Cancer incidence and re-use of drinking water, American Journal of Epidemiology, 117 (3), 258-268
  • Beresford, S.A.A. (1981) The relationship between water quality and health in the London area, International Journal of Epidemiology, 10 (2), 103-115
  • Beresford, S.A.A., Chant, A.D.B., Jones, H.D., Piachaud, D. and Weddell, J. (1978) Varicose veins: A comparison of surgery and injection/compression sclerotherapy, The Lancet (1), 921-924
  • Beresford, S.A.A., Waller, J.J., Banks, M.H., and Wale, C.J. (1977) Why do women consult doctors? Social factors and the use of the general practitioner, British Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine, 34 (4), 220-226
  • Beresford, S.A.A., Concordance of blood pressure in spouses, Revue d'Epidemiologie at de Sante Publique, 395-403, 1976
  • Beresford, S.A.A. and Holland, W.W., Levels of blood pressure in children: A family study, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 66, 1009-1011, 1973

Profile Details

Last Updated: 7/29/2008

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