Janice Fanning Madden

My research deals with the influence of demographics and/or spatial structure on the workings of the labor market, concentrating on the study of discrimination and of spatial immobility in the labor market. My research can be grouped into the following topics: (1) the influence of discrimination and of government policies to eliminate discrimination on labor market outcomes; (2) the extent and effects of spatial immobility in the labor market; and (3) the determinants of intermetropolitan and intrametropolitan differences in growth in income and earnings inequality and in poverty and its concentration in the central city.

Discrimination

I have developed a theory of sex discrimination in the labor market assuming that women face an imperfectly competitive labor market. I have used a variety of national data sets to quantify the extent of discrimination in the labor market. I have argued that co-worker discrimination makes women and members of minority groups less effective workers in a variety of jobs requiring team, rather than individual, efforts.

Spatial Immobility

I have studied geographic immobility within urban labor markets--i.e., differences arising from commuting and access to residential locales. My work in this area simultaneously considers both commuting and residential mobility as necessary to the study of intrametropolitan mobility. I have developed several related models of household location decision making based on the maximization of a utility function defined over leisure, housing, and a composite good subject to spatial prices and unearned income which results in the choice of specific job and residential locations, and, therefore, a commuting distance. I have empirically estimated the effects of location on employment and of employment on location in a variety of situations.

Inequality within Metropolitan Areas

Using the 5% Public Use Micro Samples of the 1980 and 1990 U.S. Census, I have quantified income distribution, poverty and poverty concentration changes within metropolitan areas. I have computed Gini coefficients for household income for all households and for wage and salary income for both the total metropolitan population and sub-populations. I also have examined the share of each quintile of the distribution to discern which components of the income distribution are changing. I have regressed changes in the skill distribution within the labor force, employment, wages, metropolitan structure, and demographic characteristics on changes in the household income distribution. I found that household formation patterns are important in affecting the distribution of household income. While local labor market conditions, as represented by the distribution of earnings and the employment to population ratio, have greater effects, the demographic structure is almost as important, and explains a substantial proportion of the variation across metropolitan areas in income inequality. I found that the most important explainers of intermetropolitan variation are: the number of persons in a household, the Gini coefficients for wage and salary distributions, the employment to population ratio, the proportion of households headed by women, and the proportions of households with no earners and with multiple earners.

I am currently examining the spatial concentration of poverty and income in the suburbs of large American cities using the civil divisions counts of the 1970, 1980, and 1990 U.S. Censuses. I find little evidence of any spatial concentration of income or poverty among suburbs, certainly not of the magnitude that has occurred in the central cityrelative to the suburbs.

Academic Experience:
Vice Provost for Graduate Education, University of Pennsylvania, 1991-99;
President, Association of Graduate Schools, 1996-98;
Executive Committee, Association of Graduate Schools, 1994-97;
Board member, Council of Graduate Schools, 1996-99;
Board member, Graduate Record Examination, 1994-98;
Board member, North American Regional Science Council, 1992-95;
Director of Women's Studies, University of Pennsylvania, 1989-91 and 2002-03.

Editorial Boards:
International Economic Review, 1978-1993;
Economic Geography, 1991-1995;
Women and Work, 1984-present;
Urban Studies, 1996-present; U.S. Editor, 1997-2001;
Visiting Scholar, Research Division, Philadelphia Federal Reserve Bank, 1999-2000.
Chair, National Research Council Committee on Assessing the Portfolio of the Science Resources Studies Division of the National Science Foundation, 1998-99;
Advisory Board, The H. John Heinz III School of Public Policy and Management, Carnegie Mellon University, 1992-1998;
Advisory Committee, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, 1999;
External Review Committee, The Sanford Institute of Public Policy, Duke University, 1995; graduate education at the University of Virginia, 1997;
Member, Committee on Vocational Education and Economic Development in Depressed Areas, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, 1982-83; prepared Education for Tomorrow's Jobs (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1983);
Review Panel, NSF Faculty Awards for Women, Socialand Economic Science, 1991;
American Economic Association Committee on the Status of Women in the Economics Profession, 1975-78;
Board of Trustees, Friends Select School, member, 1991-present; Vice Chair, 1996-98; Chair of Finance Committee, 1998-2000;
Scholar, Indonesia Second University Development Project, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, 1991;
Member and Consultant, Scientific Advisory Committee, U.S. Army Family Research Program, 1987-92;
Board of Directors and Consultant, Econsult Corp., Philadelphia, PA, 1980-present;
Consultant, U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 1979-1996;
Consultant, U.S. Department of Justice, 1984-1988;
Advisory Council, Office of Employment and Training, City of Philadelphia, 1981-84; Budget Committee; Executive Committee; Chair, Long Range Planning Committee;
Vice-Chairman, Board of Trustees, Friends Select School, 1993-6 (member, 1991-present);
Advisory Board, Philadelphia Child Support Project, 1987-1990;
Board of Directors, Creative Alternatives forWomen, Jenkintown, Pa., 1979-82;
Board of Commissioners, Fellowship Commission,1981-82.

Board of Directors and Consultant, Econsult Corporation, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania