Michigan State University University Distinguished ProfessorAppointed: 1992 Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ProfessorAppointed: 1980 Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine Microbiology and Molecular Genetics ProfessorAppointed: 1980 Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine Carcinogenesis Laboratory Co-directorAppointed: 1976 |  |
QualificationsPh.D., University of Wisconsin-Madison, Molecular Biology, 1968. M.S., University of Michigan, Biology, 1958. B.S., Marygrove College, Biology, 1951. Expertise and Research InterestsMy broad research interest is to understand the mechanisms by which normal human fibroblast cells are transformed into malignant cancer cells. This includes determining the number of genetic changes involved and the nature of these changes. In particular, my research tests the hypothesis that failure to repair DNA damage induced in human cells by carcinogens leads to permanent changes (mutations) in the DNA sequence of cancer-related genes, and that these changes show a distinctive fingerprint, indicative of the agent responsible. To do so, my research team has developed methods for detecting DNA damage and rates of repair at the nucleotide level. They are now investigating the molecular mechanisms of carcinogen-induced mutations by determining the role of specific newly-discovered DNA polymerases responsible for replicating past fork-blocking lesions (translesion synthesis), as well as mechanisms involved in avoiding such damage.
Other ExpertiseMAJOR RESEARCH INTERESTS: Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, Role of DNA Repair in Mutagenesis of Human Cells, Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Environmental Toxicology, Molecular Biology, Genetics
KeywordsCOS Keywords:Cancer Or Carcinogenesis, DNA Repair, Environmental Toxicology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Mutagenesis.Additional Terms:Carcinogenesis, DNA Repair, Deoxyribonucleic Acid Repair, Environmental Toxicology, Genetics, Human Cell, Malignant Cancer Cell, Molecular Biology, Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, Mutagenesis.MembershipsAmerican Association for Cancer Research American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology American Society for Microbiology Environmental Mutagen Society Genetics Society of America Society for In-Vitro Biology Honors and AwardsUniversity Distinguished Professor 1992,
Michigan State University
Distinguished Faculty Award, 1988,
Michigan State University
Distinguished Faculty Award, 1989,
Michigan Association of Governing Boards
Award for Landmark Research on DNA Repair and Mechanisms of Mutagenesis in Human Cells, 1995,
Environmental Mutagen Society
Research Excellence Award, 2001,
COM,
Michigan State University
Marygrove Distinguished Alumni Award 2002,
Marygrove College, Detroit, MI
Councilor, 1980 - 1983 & 1991 - 1994,
Environmental Mutagen Society
Previous Positions1978-1980, Michigan State University, Department of Microbiology and Department of Biochemistry, Associate Professor 1976-1978, Michigan State University, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Associate Professor 1973-1976, Michigan Cancer Foundation, Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Chief 1970-1973, Michigan Cancer Foundation, Department of Biology, Research Scientist PatentsSp1 and Sp3 Targeted Cancer Therapies and Therapeutics,
Patent Number: U.S. Patent Application No. 60/486,500,
2004,
Institution-owned,
United States.
 Funding Received- NIH-National Cancer Institute-CA91490:
Error-Prone vs. Error-free DNA Replication in Human Cells,
$1,037,500,
Sep 1, 2001
to Aug 30, 2004.
- NIH-National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-R01 ES09822:
Human Homologs of Yeast REV Genes: Role in Mutagenesis,
$625,870,
May 1, 1999
to Apr 30, 2003.
- NIH/NCI CA48066-04-06:
Mechanisms of Homologous Recombination in Human Cells,
$326,611,
9/30/93
to 9/29/96.
- NIH/NCI CA21253-17-19:
DNA Damage and Mutation in p53: Role in Cell Transformation,
$372,767,
7/15/94
to 6/30/97.
- NIH/NCI CA56796-01-04:
Role of Site-Specific Gene Damage in Mutation and Cancer,
$628,170,
1/1/93
to 12/31/96.
Publications- Lou Z, Maher VM, McCormick JJ (May 2005) Identification of the promoter of human transcription factor Sp3 and
evidence of the role of factors Sp1 and Sp3 in the expression of Sp3
protein., Gene, 351, 51-9
 - Fishel ML, Gamcsik MP, Delaney SM, Zuhowski EG, Maher VM, Karrison T, Moschel RC, Egorin MJ, Dolan ME (Apr 2005) Role of glutathione and nucleotide excision repair in modulation of
cisplatin activity with O6-benzylguanine., Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, 55 (4), 333-42
 - Lou Z, O'Reilly S, Liang H, Maher VM, Sleight SD, McCormick JJ (Feb 2005) Down-regulation of overexpressed sp1 protein in human fibrosarcoma cell
lines inhibits tumor formation., Cancer Research, 65 (3), 1007-17
 - Liang H, O'Reilly S, Liu Y, Abounader R, Laterra J, Maher VM, McCormick JJ (May 2004) Sp1 regulates expression of MET, and ribozyme-induced down-regulation of
MET in fibrosarcoma-derived human cells reduces or eliminates their
tumorigenicity., International Journal of Oncology, 24 (5), 1057-67
 - Battle, M.A., V.M. Maher, J.J. McCormick., ST7 is a novel low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) with a cytoplasmic tail that interacts with proteins related to signal transduction pathways, Biochemistry, 42, 7270-7282., 2003
- Z. Li, W. Xiao, J. J. McCormick, V. M. Maher, Identification of a protein essential for a major pathway used by human cells to avoid UV-induced DNA damage, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 99(7), 4459-4464, 2002
- G.P. Holmquist, V.M. Maher, The bypass of DNA lesions by DNA and RNA polymerases, Mutat Res, 510, 1-7, 2002
- Li Z, H. Zhang, T.P. McManus, J.J McCormick, C.W. Lawrence, V.M. Maher., hREV3 is essential for error-prone translesion synthesis past UV or benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-induced DNA lesions in human fibroblasts, Mutat Res, 510, 71-80, 2002
- C.W. Lawrence, V. M. Maher, Mutagenesis in eukaryotes dependent on DNA polymerase zeta and Rev1p, Phil. Trans. Royal Society Lond B, 356, 41-46, 2001
- C.W. Lawrence, V. M. Maher, Eukaryotic Mutagenesis and translesion replication dependent on DNA polymerase zeta and Rev1 protein, Biochemical Society Transactions, New Frontiers in DNA Repair, 29, part 2, 187-191, 2001
- P.E. Gibbs, X.-D. Wang, Z. Li, T.P. McManus, W.G. McGregor, C.W. Lawrence, V.M. Maher., The function of the human homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae REV1 is required for mutagenesis induced by ultraviolet light, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 4186-91, 2000
- S.E. Boley, T.P. McManus, V.M. Maher, J.J. McCormick, Malignant transformation of human fibroblast cell strain MSU-1.1 by methylnitrosourea: evidence of homologous recombination to eliminate p53, Cancer Res, 60, 4105-4111, 2000
- H. Zhang, G. Marra, B. Tung, J. Jiricny, V.M. Maher, J. J. McCormick., Postreplicative mismatch repair is required for O6-methylguanine-induced intrachromosomal homologous recombination in human fibroblasts, Carcinogenesis, 20, 1639-1646, 2000
- C.W. Lawrence, P.E.M. Gibbs, R.S. Murante, X-D. Wang, Z. Li, T.P. McManus, W.G. McGregor, J.R. Nelson, D.C. Hinkle, V. M. Maher, Roles of DNA polymerase . and Rev1 protein in eukaryotic mutagenesis and translesion replication. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, Biological Responses to DNA Damage, Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, Biological Responses to DNA Damage, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, LXV, 61-69, 2000
- C.W. Lawrence, P.E.M. Gibbs, R.S. Murante, X-D. Wang, Z. Li, T.P. McManus, W.G. McGregor, J.R. Nelson, D.C. Hinkle, V. M. Maher, Roles of DNA polymerase . and Rev1 protein in eukaryotic mutagenesis and translesion replication, In: LXV Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology, Biological Responses to DNA Damage, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, pp 209, 2000
- McCormick, J.J., S. O'Reilly, V. M. Maher, Analysis of the process of malignant transformation of human fibroblasts in culture by ionizing radiation and other carcinogens, In: Radiation Research, Volume 2, Proceedings of the Eleventh International Congress of Radiation Research. Moriarty et al., (eds), Allen Press, Dublin, Ireland, pp 564-457, 2000
- Huang S, Maher VM, McCormick J, Involvement of intermediary metabolites in the pathway of extracellular Ca2+-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in human fibroblasts., Cell Signal, 11(4), 263-74, April 1999
 - Qing J, Wei D, Maher VM, McCormick JJ, Cloning and characterization of a novel gene encoding a putative transmembrane protein with altered expression in some human transformed and tumor-derived cell lines., Oncogene, 18(2), 335-42, 14 Jan 1999
 - McGregor WG, Wei D, Maher VM, McCormick JJ, Abnormal, error-prone bypass of photoproducts by xeroderma pigmentosum variant cell extracts results in extreme strand bias for the kinds of mutations induced by UV light., Molecular and Cellular Biology, 19(1), 147-54, Jan 1999
 - Gibbs P E, McGregor W G, Maher V M, Nisson P, Lawrence C W, A human homolog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae REV3 gene, which encodes the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase zeta., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 95(12), 6876-80, 9 Jun 1998
 - Qing J, Maher V M, Tran H, Argraves W S, Dunstan R W, McCormick J J, Suppression of anchorage-independent growth and matrigel invasion and delayed tumor formation by elevated expression of fibulin-1D in human fibrosarcoma-derived cell lines., Oncogene, 15(18), 2159-68, October 1997
 - McGregor W G, Wei D, Chen R H, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Relationship between adduct formation, rates of excision repair and the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of structurally-related polycyclic aromatic carcinogens., Mutation Research, 376(1-2), 143-52, 12 May 1997
 - Wei D, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Effect of nuclear environment on the distribution of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-induced adducts in the HPRT gene of human fibroblasts., Carcinogenesis, 17(12), 2695-701, December 1996
 - Zhang H, Tsujimura T, Bhattacharyya N P, Maher V M, McCormick J J, O6-methylguanine induces intrachromosomal homologous recombination in human cells., Carcinogenesis, 17(10), 2229-35, October 1996
 - Wei D, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Site-specific excision repair of 1-nitrosopyrene-induced DNA adducts at the nucleotide level in the HPRT gene of human fibroblasts: effect of adduct conformation on the pattern of site-specific repair, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 16(7), 3714-9, July 1996
 - Tung B S, McGregor W G, Wang Y C, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Comparison of the rate of excision of major UV photoproducts in the strands of the human HPRT gene of normal and xeroderma pigmentosum variant cells., Mutation Research, 362(1), 65-74, 2 Jan 1996
 - McGregor W G, Mah M C, Chen R W, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Lack of correlation between degree of interference with transcription and rate of strand specific repair in the HPRT gene of diploid human fibroblasts., Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270(45), 27222-7, 10 Nov 1995
 - Carstens C P, Gallo J C, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Fahl W E, A system utilizing Epstein-Barr virus-based expression vectors for the functional cloning of human fibroblast growth regulators., Gene, 164(2), 195-202, 27 Oct 1995
 - Lin C, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Malignant transformation of human fibroblast strain MSU-1.1 by v-fes requires an additional genetic change., International Journal of Cancer, 63(1), 140-7, 27 Sep 1995
 - Huang S, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Extracellular Ca2+ stimulates the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and cell growth in human fibroblasts., Biochemical Journal, 310 ( Pt 3), 881-5, 15 Sep 1995
 - Wei D, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Site-specific rates of excision repair of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide adducts in the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase gene of human fibroblasts: correlation with mutation spectra., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 92(6), 2204-8, 14 Mar 1995
 - Lin C, Wang Q, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Malignant transformation of a human fibroblast cell strain by transfection of a v-fes oncogene but not by transfection of a gag-human c-fes construct., Cell Growth and Differentiation, 5(12), 1381-7, December 1994
 - Yang D, Kohler S K, Maher V M, McCormick J J, v-sis oncogene-induced transformation of human fibroblasts into cells capable of forming benign tumors., Carcinogenesis, 15(10), 2167-75, October 1994
 - McGregor W G, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Kinds and locations of mutations induced in the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase gene of human T-lymphocytes by 1-nitrosopyrene, including those caused by V(D)J recombinase., Cancer Research, 54(15), 4207-13, 1 Aug 1994
 - McCormick J J, Maher V M, Analysis of the multistep process of carcinogenesis using human fibroblasts., Risk Analysis, 14(3), 257-63, June 1994
 - Ryan P A, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Failure of infinite life span human cells from different immortality complementation groups to yield finite life span hybrids., Journal of Cellular Physiology, 159(1), 151-60, April 1994
 - Boyer J C, Thomas D C, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Kunkel T A, Fidelity of DNA replication by extracts of normal and malignantly transformed human cells., Cancer Research, 53(14), 3270-5, 15 Jul 1993
 - Wang Y C, Maher V M, Mitchell D L, McCormick J J, Evidence from mutation spectra that the UV hypermutability of xeroderma pigmentosum variant cells reflects abnormal, error-prone replication on a template containing photoproducts., Molecular and Cellular Biology, 13(7), 4276-83, July 1993
 - Maher V M, Bhattacharyya N P, Mah M C, Boldt J, Yang J L, McCormick J J, Mutations induced by 1-nitrosopyrene and related compounds during DNA replication in human cells and induction of homologous recombination by these compounds., Research Report / Health Effects Institute, 1-40; discussion 41-, March 1993
 - Miller M J, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Quantitative two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis of human fibroblasts transformed by ras oncogenes., Electrophoresis, 13(11), 862-70, November 1992
 - Wang Q, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Mammalian expression vectors with modulatable promoters and two multiple cloning sites., Gene, 119(2), 155-61, 1 Oct 1992
 - Chen R H, Maher V M, Brouwer J, van de Putte P, McCormick J J, Preferential repair and strand-specific repair of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide adducts in the HPRT gene of diploid human fibroblasts., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 89(12), 5413-7, 15 Jun 1992
 - Yang D, Louden C, Reinhold D S, Kohler S K, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Malignant transformation of human fibroblast cell strain MSU-1.1 by (+-)-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo [a]pyrene., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 89(6), 2237-41, 15 Mar 1992
 - Mah M C, Boldt J, Culp S J, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Replication of acetylaminofluorene-adducted plasmids in human cells: spectrum of base substitutions and evidence of excision repair., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 88(22), 10193-7, 15 Nov 1991
 - Morgan T L, Yang D J, Fry D G, Hurlin P J, Kohler S K, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Characteristics of an infinite life span diploid human fibroblast cell strain and a near-diploid strain arising from a clone of cells expressing a transfected v-myc oncogene., Experimental Cell Research, 197(1), 125-36, November 1991
 - McGregor W G, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Kinds and locations of mutations arising spontaneously in the coding region of the HPRT gene of finite-life-span diploid human fibroblasts., Somatic Cell and Molecular Genetics, 17(5), 463-9, September 1991
 - Lukash L L, Boldt J, Pegg A E, Dolan M E, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Effect of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase on the frequency and spectrum of mutations induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in the HPRT gene of diploid human fibroblasts., Mutation Research, 250(1-2), 397-409, September 1991
 - Wang Y C, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Xeroderma pigmentosum variant cells are less likely than normal cells to incorporate dAMP opposite photoproducts during replication of UV-irradiated plasmids., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 88(17), 7810-4, 1 Sep 1991
 - Chen R H, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Lack of a cell cycle-dependent strand bias for mutations induced in the HPRT gene by (+/-)-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene in excision repair-deficien, Cancer Research, 51(10), 2587-92, 15 May 1991
 - McGregor W G, Chen R H, Lukash L, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Cell cycle-dependent strand bias for UV-induced mutations in the transcribed strand of excision repair-proficient human fibroblasts but not in repair-deficient cells., Molecular and Cellular Biology, 11(4), 1927-34, April 1991
 - Jankun J, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Malignant transformation of human fibroblasts correlates with increased activity of receptor-bound plasminogen activator., Cancer Research, 51(4), 1221-6, 15 Feb 1991
 - Maher V M, Yang J L, Chen R H, McGregor W G, Lukash L, Scheid J M, Reinhold D S, McCormick J J, Use of PCR amplification of cDNA to study mechanisms of human cell mutagenesis and malignant transformation., Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 18(4), 239-44, 1991
 - Maher V M, Yang J L, Mah C M, Wang Y C, Boldt J, McCormick J J, Comparing the frequency and spectra of mutations induced when an SV40-based shuttle vector containing covalently bound residues of structurally-related carcinogens replicates in human cells., Advances In Experimental Medicine and Biology, 283, 183-91, 1991
 - Yang J L, Chen R H, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Kinds and location of mutations induced by (+/-)-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene in the coding region of the hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyltran, Carcinogenesis, 12(1), 71-5, January 1991
 - Boldt J, Mah M C, Wang Y C, Smith B A, Beland F A, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Kinds of mutations found when a shuttle vector containing adducts of 1,6-dinitropyrene replicates in human cells., Carcinogenesis, 12(1), 119-26, January 1991
 - Chen R H, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Effect of excision repair by diploid human fibroblasts on the kinds and locations of mutations induced by (+/-)-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10- tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene in th, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 87(21), 8680-4, November 1990
 - Maher V M, Domoradzki J, Bhattacharyya N P, Tsujimura T, Corner R C, McCormick J J, Alkylation damage, DNA repair and mutagenesis in human cells., Mutation Research, 233(1-2), 235-45, November 1990
 - Norimura T, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Cytotoxic and mutagenic effect of UV, ethylnitrosourea and (+/-)-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo [a]pyrene in diploid human T lymphocytes in culture: compariso, Mutagenesis, 5(5), 447-51, September 1990
 - Fry D G, Milam L D, Dillberger J E, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Malignant transformation of an infinite life span human fibroblast cell strain by transfection with v-Ki-ras., Oncogene, 5(9), 1415-8, September 1990
 - Wilson D M, Yang D J, Dillberger J E, Dietrich S E, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Malignant transformation of human fibroblasts by a transfected N-ras oncogene., Cancer Research, 50(17), 5587-93, 1 Sep 1990
 - Bhattacharyya N P, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Effect of nucleotide excision repair in human cells on intrachromosomal homologous recombination induced by UV and 1-nitrosopyrene., Molecular and Cellular Biology, 10(8), 3945-51, August 1990
 - Fox T R, Schumann A M, Watanabe P G, Yano B L, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Mutational analysis of the H-ras oncogene in spontaneous C57BL/6 x C3H/He mouse liver tumors and tumors induced with genotoxic and nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens., Cancer Research, 50(13), 4014-9, 1 Jul 1990
 - Norimura T, Maher V M, McCormick J J, A quantitative assay for measuring the induction of mutations in human peripheral blood T-lymphocytes., Mutation Research, 230(1), 101-9, May 1990
 - Jiang L W, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Schindler M, Alkalinization of the lysosomes is correlated with ras transformation of murine and human fibroblasts., Journal of Biological Chemistry, 265(9), 4775-7, 25 Mar 1990
 - Tsujimura T, Maher V M, Godwin A R, Liskay R M, McCormick J J, Frequency of intrachromosomal homologous recombination induced by UV radiation in normally repairing and excision repair-deficient human cells., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 87(4), 1566-70, February 1990
 - Bhattacharyya N P, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Intrachromosomal homologous recombination in human cells which differ in nucleotide excision-repair capacity., Mutation Research, 234(1), 31-41, February 1990
 - Maher V M, Yang J L, McCormick J J, Amplification of mRNA of the hprt gene from lysates of mutant human cells and direct DNA sequencing to determine the spectrum of mutations induced by (+/-)-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha, e, Progress In Clinical and Biological Research, 340A, 379-88, 1990
 - McCormick J J, Fry D G, Hurlin P J, Morgan T L, Wilson D M, Maher V M, Malignant transformation of human fibroblasts by oncogene transfection or carcinogen treatment., Progress In Clinical and Biological Research, 340D, 195-205, 1990
 - Maher V M, Yang J L, McCormick J J, Ability of adducts formed in a shuttle vector by reactive metabolites of 1-nitropyrene and benzo(a)pyrene to induce mutations when the plasmid replicates in human cells., Acta Biologica Hungarica, 41(1-3), 173-86, 1990
 - Mah M C, Maher V M, Thomas H, Reid T M, King C M, McCormick J J, Mutations induced by aminofluorene-DNA adducts during replication in human cells., Carcinogenesis, 10(12), 2321-8, December 1989
 - Palmer H J, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Effect of retinoids on growth factor-induced anchorage independent growth of human fibroblasts., In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology, 25(11), 1009-15, November 1989
 - Maher V M, Yang J L, Mah M C, McCormick J J, Comparing the frequency and spectra of mutations induced when an SV-40 based shuttle vector containing covalently bound residues of structurally-related carcinogens replicates in human cells., Mutation Research, 220(2-3), 83-92, March 1989
 - Hurlin P J, Maher V M, McCormick J J, Malignant transformation of human fibroblasts caused by expression of a transfected T24 HRAS oncogene., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 86(1), 187-91, January 1989

Profile DetailsIndividual Expertise profile of Veronica M. Maher, Copyright Veronica M. Maher. © COS Expertise TM, 2009, ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. |