University of Washington School of Medicine Microbiology ProfessorAppointed: 1994 University of Washington School of Medicine Microbiology ChairAppointed: 1997 University of Washington School of Medicine Laboratory Medicine Adjunct ProfessorAppointed: 1994 University of Washington School of Medicine Medicine Allergy and Infectious Diseases ProfessorAppointed: 1994 | |
QualificationsPh.D., University of Minnesota, Cell Biology and Biochemistry. Expertise and Research InterestsWe use a variety of techniques, from virological to molecular biological and statistical analysis of nucleotide sequences, to high-throughput array analysis of cellular transcription, in an attempt to understand the implications of HIV's extraordinary genetic diversity for the pathogenesis of AIDS and with the intention of applying this information to the development of more effective therapies and vaccines.
From the virus's point-of-view, we are investigating the molecular evolution of HIV-1 from two viewpoints: From within individual patients and between patients from the human population at large. Looking at the evolution of HIV within a host we can determine compartments or cell types within the body that have unique signatures of virus evolution. One way of capitalizing on these signatures is to identify various compartments that are in a therapy shadow. The identification of such compartments should help to develop more potent and highly targeted therapies that prevent HIV from replicating within a current therapy shadow. Evolution of HIV is also being studied between different hosts, where we identify viral lineages or ancestral states with the potential for providing us with promising genotypes for vaccine development. In addition, this line of research can give rise to a better understanding of the epidemiology of HIV transmission and spread.
From the host's point-of-view, we are utilizing array technology to understand the genetic response to infection. We are also utilizing cell culture tools to understand the relationship between viral genotype and phenotype and to assess kinetic parameters of infection and treatment.
In all cases, molecular, computational and biological analyses conducted in the Mullins laboratory merge with in vivo analyses of biological activity conducted by collaborating laboratories and clinical investigators, in order to constantly focus on events relevant to HIV infection. Other ExpertiseAcademic Experience: Editorial boards of the Journal of Virology and AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses.
KeywordsCOS Keywords:AIDS, Gene Expression, Genes, HIV, Immunobiology, Immunology, Microbiology, Molecular Biology.Additional Terms:AIDS, AIDS Diagnosis, AIDS Epidemiology, Blood/blood Cells, Disease Manifestation, Gene Expression, Genes, HIV/SIV Infection, Immunobiology, Immunology, Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, Regulation, Viruses/viral Disease.Previous Positions1997-1999, Interim Chair,
University of Washington,
School of Medicine,
Microbiology
1991-1994, Chairman,
Stanford University,
School of Medicine,
Microbiology and Immunology
1989-1994, Professor,
Stanford University,
School of Medicine,
Microbiology and Immunology
1987-1989, Associate Professor,
Harvard University,
School of Public Health,
Cancer Biology
1982-1987, Assistant Professor,
Harvard University,
School of Public Health,
Cancer Biology,
Virology
Publications- Loeb LA, Mullins JI, Lethal mutagenesis of HIV by mutagenic ribonucleoside analogs., AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 16(1), 1-3, 1 2000
 - Melvin AJ, Rodrigo AG, Mohan KM, Lewis PA, Manns-Arcuino L, Coombs RW, Mullins JI, Frenkel LM, HIV-1 dynamics in children., Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology, 20(5), 468-73, 15 Apr 1999
 - Rodrigo AG, Shpaer EG, Delwart EL, Iversen AK, Gallo MV, Brojatsch J, Hirsch MS, Walker BD, Mullins JI, Coalescent estimates of HIV-1 generation time in vivo., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 96(5), 2187-91, 2 Mar 1999
 - Rinaldo CR Jr, Gupta P, Huang XL, Fan Z, Mullins JI, Gange S, Farzadegan H, Shankarappa R, Munoz A, Margolick JB, Anti-HIV type 1 memory cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses associated with changes in CD4+ T cell numbers in progression of HIV type 1 infection., AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 14(16), 1423-33, 1 Nov 1998
 - Frenkel L M, Mullins J I, Learn G H, Manns-Arcuino L, Herring B L, Kalish M L, Steketee R W, Thea D M, Nichols J E, Liu S L, Harmache A, He X, Muthui D, Madan A, Hood L, Haase A T, Zupancic M, Staskus K, Wolinsky S, Krogstad P, Zhao J, Chen I, Koup R, Ho D, Roberts N J Jr, et al, Genetic evaluation of suspected cases of transient HIV-1 infection of infants., Science, 280(5366), 1073-7, 15 May 1998
 - Iversen A K, Larsen A R, Jensen T, Fugger L, Balslev U, Wahl S, Gerstoft J, Mullins J I, Skinhoj P, Distinct determinants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA and DNA loads in vaginal and cervical secretions., Journal of Infectious Diseases, 177(5), 1214-20, May 1998
 - Polyak S J, McArdle S, Liu S L, Sullivan D G, Chung M, Hofgartner W T, Carithers R L Jr, McMahon B J, Mullins J I, Corey L, Gretch D R, Evolution of hepatitis C virus quasispecies in hypervariable region 1 and the putative interferon sensitivity-determining region during interferon therapy and natural infection., Journal of Virology, 72(5), 4288-96, May 1998
 - Shankarappa R, Gupta P, Learn G H Jr, Rodrigo A G, Rinaldo C R Jr, Gorry M C, Mullins J I, Nara P L, Ehrlich G D, Evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope sequences in infected individuals with differing disease progression profiles., Virology, 241(2), 251-9, 15 Feb 1998
 - Delwart E L, Mullins J I, Gupta P, Learn G H Jr, Holodniy M, Katzenstein D, Walker B D, Singh M K, Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 populations in blood and semen., Journal of Virology, 72(1), 617-23, Jan 1998
 - Edmonson P, Murphey-Corb M, Martin L N, Delahunty C, Heeney J, Kornfeld H, Donahue P R, Learn G H, Hood L, Mullins J I, Evolution of a simian immunodeficiency virus pathogen., Journal of Virology, 72(1), 405-14, Jan 1998
 - Delwart E L, Pan H, Sheppard H W, Wolpert D, Neumann A U, Korber B, Mullins J I, Slower evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 quasispecies during progression to AIDS., Journal of Virology, 71(10), 7498-508, October 1997
 - Mullins J I, Curtailing the AIDS pandemic [letter], Science, 276(5321), 1955-7, 27 Jun 1997
 - Rodrigo A G, Goracke P C, Rowhanian K, Mullins J I, Quantitation of target molecules from polymerase chain reaction-based limiting dilution assays., Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 13(9), 737-42, 10 Jun 1997
 - Liu S L, Schacker T, Musey L, Shriner D, McElrath M J, Corey L, Mullins J I, Divergent patterns of progression to AIDS after infection from the same source: human immunodeficiency virus type 1 evolution and antiviral responses., Journal of Virology, 71(6), 4284-95, June 1997
 - Bachmann M H, Mathiason-Dubard C, Learn G H, Rodrigo A G, Sodora D L, Mazzetti P, Hoover E A, Mullins J I, Genetic diversity of feline immunodeficiency virus: dual infection, recombination, and distinct evolutionary rates among envelope sequence clades., Journal of Virology, 71(6), 4241-53, June 1997
 - Contag C H, Ehrnst A, Duda J, Bohlin A B, Lindgren S, Learn G H, Mullins J I, Mother-to-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 involving five envelope sequence subtypes., Journal of Virology, 71(2), 1292-300, February 1997
 - Rodrigo A G, Mullins J I, Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 molecular evolution and the measure of selection., Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 12(18), 1681-5, 10 Dec 1996
 - Sabino E C, Diaz R S, Brigido L F, Learn G H, Mullins J I, Reingold A L, Duarte A J, Mayer A, Busch M P, Distribution of HIV-1 subtypes seen in an AIDS clinic in Sao Paulo City, Brazil., Aids, 10(13), 1579-84, November 1996
 - Bickel P J, Cosman P C, Olshen R A, Spector P C, Rodrigo A G, Mullins J I, Covariability of V3 loop amino acids., Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 12(15), 1401-11, 10 Oct 1996
 - Goulston C, Stevens E, Gallo D, Mullins J I, Hanson C V, Katzenstein D, Human immunodeficiency virus in plasma and genital secretions during the menstrual cycle., Journal of Infectious Diseases, 174(4), 858-61, October 1996
 - Quackenbush S L, Dean G A, Mullins J I, Hoover E A, Analysis of FeLV-FAIDS provirus burden and productive infection in lymphocyte subsets in vivo., Virology, 223(1), 1-9, 1 Sep 1996
 - Holterman L, Mullins J I, Haaijman J J, Heeney J L, Direct amplification and cloning of up to 5-kb lentivirus genomes from serum., Biotechniques, 21(2), 312-9, August 1996
 - Learn G H Jr, Korber B T, Foley B, Hahn B H, Wolinsky S M, Mullins J I, Maintaining the integrity of human immunodeficiency virus sequence databases., Journal of Virology, 70(8), 5720-30, August 1996
 - Liu S L, Rodrigo A G, Shankarappa R, Learn G H, Hsu L, Davidov O, Zhao L P, Mullins J I, HIV quasispecies and resampling [letter; comment], Science, 273(5274), 415-6, 26 Jul 1996
 - Quackenbush S L, Mullins J I, Hoover E A, Replication kinetics and cell tropism of an immunosuppressive feline leukaemia virus., Journal of General Virology, 77 ( Pt 7), 1411-20, July 1996
 - Lu S, Arthos J, Montefiori D C, Yasutomi Y, Manson K, Mustafa F, Johnson E, Santoro J C, Wissink J, Mullins J I, Haynes J R, Letvin N L, Wyand M, Robinson H L, Simian immunodeficiency virus DNA vaccine trial in macaques., Journal of Virology, 70(6), 3978-91, June 1996
 - McElrath M J, Corey L, Greenberg P D, Matthews T J, Montefiori D C, Rowen L, Hood L, Mullins J I, Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection despite prior immunization with a recombinant envelope vaccine regimen., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 93(9), 3972-7, 30 Apr 1996
 - Hoover E A, Mullins J I, Chu H J, Wasmoen T L, Efficacy of an inactivated feline leukemia virus vaccine., Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 12(5), 379-83, 20 Mar 1996
 - Mossman S P, Bex F, Berglund P, Arthos J, O'Neil S P, Riley D, Maul D H, Bruck C, Momin P, Burny A, Fultz P N, Mullins J I, Liljestrom P, Hoover E A, Protection against lethal simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsmmPBj14 disease by a recombinant Semliki Forest virus gp160 vaccine and by a gp120 subunit vaccine., Journal of Virology, 70(3), 1953-60, March 1996
 - Iversen A K, Shafer R W, Wehrly K, Winters M A, Mullins J I, Chesebro B, Merigan T C, Multidrug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains resulting from combination antiretroviral therapy., Journal of Virology, 70(2), 1086-90, February 1996
 - de Noronha C M, Reinhart T A, Mullins J I, Generation and role of defective proviruses in cytopathic feline leukemia virus (FeLV-FAIDS) infections., Journal of Virology, 70(1), 359-67, January 1996
 - Yasutomi Y, Robinson H L, Lu S, Mustafa F, Lekutis C, Arthos J, Mullins J I, Voss G, Manson K, Wyand M, Letvin N L, Simian immunodeficiency virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte induction through DNA vaccination of rhesus monkeys., Journal of Virology, 70(1), 678-81, January 1996
 - Korber B T, Learn G, Mullins J I, Hahn B H, Wolinsky S, Protecting HIV databases [letter], Nature, 378(6554), 242-4, 16 Nov 1995
 - Contag C H, Contag P R, Mullins J I, Spilman S D, Stevenson D K, Benaron D A, Photonic detection of bacterial pathogens in living hosts., Molecular Microbiology, 18(4), 593-603, November 1995
 - Hoover E A, Mullins J I, Chu H J, Wasmoen T L, Development and testing of an inactivated feline leukemia virus vaccine., Seminars In Veterinary Medicine and Surgery (small Animal), 10(4), 238-43, November 1995
 - Ghosh A K, Mullins J I, cDNA encoding a functional feline liver/bone/kidney-type alkaline phosphatase., Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 322(1), 240-9, 10 Sep 1995
 - Delwart E L, Busch M P, Kalish M L, Mosley J W, Mullins J I, Rapid molecular epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus transmission., Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 11(9), 1081-93, September 1995
 - Iversen A K, Shpaer E G, Rodrigo A G, Hirsch M S, Walker B D, Sheppard H W, Merigan T C, Mullins J I, Persistence of attenuated rev genes in a human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected asymptomatic individual., Journal of Virology, 69(9), 5743-53, September 1995
 - Delwart E L, Herring B, Rodrigo A G, Mullins J I, Genetic subtyping of human immunodeficiency virus using a heteroduplex mobility assay., Pcr Methods and Applications, 4(5), S202-16, April 1995
 - Sodora D L, Courcelle J, Brojatsch J, Berson A, Wang Y C, Dow S W, Hoover E A, Mullins J I, Analysis of a feline immunodeficiency virus provirus reveals patterns of gene sequence conservation distinct from human immunodeficiency virus type 1., Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 11(4), 531-3, April 1995
 - Wang R F, Mullins J I, Mammalian cell/vaccinia virus expression vectors with increased stability of retroviral sequences in Escherichia coli: production of feline immunodeficiency virus envelope protein., Gene, 153(2), 197-202, 14 Feb 1995
 - Shpaer E G, Delwart E L, Kuiken C L, Goudsmit J, Bachmann M H, Mullins J I, Conserved V3 loop sequences and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1., Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 10(12), 1679-84, December 1994
 - Bobkov A, Cheingsong-Popov R, Garaev M, Rzhaninova A, Kaleebu P, Beddows S, Bachmann M H, Mullins J I, Louwagie J, Janssens W, et al, Identification of an env G subtype and heterogeneity of HIV-1 strains in the Russian Federation and Belarus., Aids, 8(12), 1649-55, December 1994
 - Bachmann M H, Delwart E L, Shpaer E G, Lingenfelter P, Singal R, Mullins J I, Rapid genetic characterization of HIV type 1 strains from four World Health Organization-sponsored vaccine evaluation sites using a heteroduplex mobility assay. WHO Network for HIV Isolation and Chara, Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 10(11), 1345-53, November 1994
 - Delwart E L, Sheppard H W, Walker B D, Goudsmit J, Mullins J I, Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 evolution in vivo tracked by DNA heteroduplex mobility assays., Journal of Virology, 68(10), 6672-83, October 1994
 - Sabino E C, Shpaer E G, Morgado M G, Korber B T, Diaz R S, Bongertz V, Cavalcante S, Galvao-Castro B, Mullins J I, Mayer A, Identification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope genes recombinant between subtypes B and F in two epidemiologically linked individuals from Brazil., Journal of Virology, 68(10), 6340-6, October 1994
 - Sabino E C, Delwart E, Lee T H, Mayer A, Mullins J I, Busch M P, Identification of low-level contamination of blood as basis for detection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) DNA in anti-HIV-negative specimens., Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 7(8), 853-9, August 1994
 - Morgado M G, Sabino E C, Shpaer E G, Bongertz V, Brigido L, Guimaraes M D, Castilho E A, Galvao-Castro B, Mullins J I, Hendry R M, et al, V3 region polymorphisms in HIV-1 from Brazil: prevalence of subtype B strains divergent from North American/European prototype and detection of subtype F., Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 10(5), 569-76, May 1994
 - Louwagie J, Delwart E L, Mullins J I, McCutchan F E, Eddy G, Burke D S, Genetic analysis of HIV-1 isolates from Brazil reveals presence of two distinct genetic subtypes., Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 10(5), 561-7, May 1994
 - Sodora D L, Shpaer E G, Kitchell B E, Dow S W, Hoover E A, Mullins J I, Identification of three feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) env gene subtypes and comparison of the FIV and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 evolutionary patterns., Journal of Virology, 68(4), 2230-8, April 1994
 - Grez M, Dietrich U, Balfe P, von Briesen H, Maniar J K, Mahambre G, Delwart E L, Mullins J I, Rubsamen-Waigmann H, Genetic analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2) mixed infections in India reveals a recent spread of HIV-1 and HIV-2 from a single ancestor for each of these viruses., Journal of Virology, 68(4), 2161-8, April 1994
 - Delwart E L, Shpaer E G, Louwagie J, McCutchan F E, Grez M, Rubsamen-Waigmann H, Mullins J I, Genetic relationships determined by a DNA heteroduplex mobility assay: analysis of HIV-1 env genes., Science, 262(5137), 1257-61, 19 Nov 1993
 - Krohn K J, Hakkarainen K, Aavik E, Dewhurst S, Sadaie R, Mullins J I, Transcomplementation of simian immunodeficiency virus Rev with human T-cell leukemia virus type I Rex., Journal of Virology, 67(9), 5681-4, September 1993
 - Reinhart T A, Ghosh A K, Hoover E A, Mullins J I, Distinct superinfection interference properties yet similar receptor utilization by cytopathic and noncytopathic feline leukemia viruses., Journal of Virology, 67(9), 5153-62, September 1993
 - Kristal B S, Reinhart T A, Hoover E A, Mullins J I, Interference with superinfection and with cell killing and determination of host range and growth kinetics mediated by feline leukemia virus surface glycoproteins., Journal of Virology, 67(7), 4142-53, July 1993
 - Shpaer E G, Mullins J I, Rates of amino acid change in the envelope protein correlate with pathogenicity of primate lentiviruses., Journal of Molecular Evolution, 37(1), 57-65, July 1993
 - Israel Z R, Dean G A, Maul D H, O'Neil S P, Dreitz M J, Mullins J I, Fultz P N, Hoover E A, Early pathogenesis of disease caused by SIVsmmPBj14 molecular clone 1.9 in macaques., Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 9(3), 277-86, March 1993
 - de Noronha C M, Mullins J I, Amplimers with 3'-terminal phosphorothioate linkages resist degradation by vent polymerase and reduce Taq polymerase mispriming., Pcr Methods and Applications, 2(2), 131-6, November 1992
 - Edmonson P F, Mullins J I, Efficient amplification of HIV half-genomes from tissue DNA., Nucleic Acids Research, 20(18), 4933, 25 Sep 1992
 - Brojatsch J, Kristal B S, Viglianti G A, Khiroya R, Hoover E A, Mullins J I, Feline leukemia virus subgroup C phenotype evolves through distinct alterations near the N terminus of the envelope surface glycoprotein., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 89(18), 8457-61, 15 Sep 1992
 - Dean G A, Groshek P M, Mullins J I, Hoover E A, Hematopoietic target cells of anemogenic subgroup C versus nonanemogenic subgroup A feline leukemia virus., Journal of Virology, 66(9), 5561-8, September 1992
 - Dewhurst S, Embretson J E, Fultz P N, Mullins J I, Molecular clones from a non-acutely pathogenic derivative of SIVsmmPBj14: characterization and comparison to acutely pathogenic clones., Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 8(6), 1179-87, June 1992
 - Ghosh A K, Bachmann M H, Hoover E A, Mullins J I, Identification of a putative receptor for subgroup A feline leukemia virus on feline T cells., Journal of Virology, 66(6), 3707-14, June 1992
 - Overbaugh J, Hoover E A, Mullins J I, Burns D P, Rudensey L, Quackenbush S L, Stallard V, Donahue P R, Structure and pathogenicity of individual variants within an immunodeficiency disease-inducing isolate of FeLV., Virology, 188(2), 558-69, June 1992
 - Ou C Y, Ciesielski C A, Myers G, Bandea C I, Luo C C, Korber B T, Mullins J I, Schochetman G, Berkelman R L, Economou A N, et al, Molecular epidemiology of HIV transmission in a dental practice [see comments], Science, 256(5060), 1165-71, 22 May 1992
 - Hoover E A, Mullins J I, Feline leukemia virus infection and diseases., Journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association, 199(10), 1287-97, 15 Nov 1991
 - Hoover E A, Perigo N A, Quackenbush S L, Mathiason-DuBard C K, Overbaugh J M, Kloetzer W S, Elder J H, Mullins J I, Protection against feline leukemia virus infection by use of an inactivated virus vaccine., Journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association, 199(10), 1392-401, 15 Nov 1991
 - Donahue P R, Quackenbush S L, Gallo M V, deNoronha C M, Overbaugh J, Hoover E A, Mullins J I, Viral genetic determinants of T-cell killing and immunodeficiency disease induction by the feline leukemia virus FeLV-FAIDS., Journal of Virology, 65(8), 4461-9, August 1991
 - Pardi D, Hoover E A, Quackenbush S L, Mullins J I, Callahan G N, Selective impairment of humoral immunity in feline leukemia virus-induced immunodeficiency., Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 28(3-4), 183-200, July 1991
 - Hoover E A, Ebner J P, Zeidner N S, Mullins J I, Early therapy of feline leukemia virus infection (FeLV-FAIDS) with 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA)., Antiviral Research, 16(1), 77-92, July 1991
 - Mullins J I, Hoover E A, Quackenbush S L, Donahue P R, Disease progression and viral genome variants in experimental feline leukemia virus-induced immunodeficiency syndrome [published erratum appears in J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1991;4(9):925], Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 4(6), 547-57, 1991
 - Quackenbush S L, Donahue P R, Dean G A, Myles M H, Ackley C D, Cooper M D, Mullins J I, Hoover E A, Lymphocyte subset alterations and viral determinants of immunodeficiency disease induction by the feline leukemia virus FeLV-FAIDS., Journal of Virology, 64(11), 5465-74, November 1990
 - Shpaer E G, Mullins J I, Selection against CpG dinucleotides in lentiviral genes: a possible role of methylation in regulation of viral expression., Nucleic Acids Research, 18(19), 5793-7, 11 Oct 1990
 - Poss M L, Quackenbush S L, Mullins J I, Hoover E A, Characterization and significance of delayed processing of the feline leukemia virus FeLV-FAIDS envelope glycoprotein., Journal of Virology, 64(9), 4338-45, September 1990
 - Zeidner N S, Myles M H, Mathiason-DuBard C K, Dreitz M J, Mullins J I, Hoover E A, Alpha interferon (2b) in combination with zidovudine for the treatment of presymptomatic feline leukemia virus-induced immunodeficiency syndrome., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 34(9), 1749-56, September 1990
 - Viglianti G A, Sharma P L, Mullins J I, Simian immunodeficiency virus displays complex patterns of RNA splicing., Journal of Virology, 64(9), 4207-16, September 1990
 - Dewhurst S, Embretson J E, Anderson D C, Mullins J I, Fultz P N, Sequence analysis and acute pathogenicity of molecularly cloned SIVSMM-PBj14 [see comments], Nature, 345(6276), 636-40, 14 Jun 1990
 - Zeidner N S, Rose L M, Mathiason-DuBard C K, Myles M H, Hill D L, Mullins J I, Hoover E A, Zidovudine in combination with alpha interferon and interleukin-2 as prophylactic therapy for FeLV-induced immunodeficiency syndrome (FeLV-FAIDS)., Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 3(8), 787-96, 1990
 - Hoover E A, Quackenbush S L, Poss M L, Dornsife R E, Overbaugh J M, Donahue P R, Riedel N O, Vigilanti G A, Khiroya R, Mullins J I, Pathogenic mechanisms of immunodeficiency syndrome and aplastic anemia induced by feline leukemia viruses., Developments In Biological Standardization, 72, 163-6, 1990
 - Mullins J I, Hoover E A, Donahue P R, Dewhurst S, Quackenbush S L, Murphey-Corb M, Martin L N, Fultz P N, Gallo M V, Reinhart T A, et al, The FeLV and SIV AIDS pathogenesis models: search for and analysis of molecularly defined pathogens., Developments In Biological Standardization, 72, 167-71, 1990
 - Hoover E A, Zeidner N S, Mullins J I, Therapy of presymptomatic FeLV-induced immunodeficiency syndrome with AZT in combination with alpha interferon., Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences, 616, 258-69, 1990
 - Fultz P N, Anderson D C, McClure H M, Dewhurst S, Mullins J I, SIVsmm infection of macaque and mangabey monkeys: correlation between in vivo and in vitro properties of different isolates., Developments In Biological Standardization, 72, 253-8, 1990
 - Mullins J I, Hoover E A, Overbaugh J, Quackenbush S L, Donahue P R, Poss M L, FeLV-FAIDS-induced immunodeficiency syndrome in cats., Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 21(1), 25-37, May 1989
 - Doggett D L, Drake A L, Hirsch V, Rowe M E, Stallard V, Mullins J I, Structure, origin, and transforming activity of feline leukemia virus-myc recombinant provirus FTT., Journal of Virology, 63(5), 2108-17, May 1989
 - Zeidner N S, Strobel J D, Perigo N A, Hill D L, Mullins J I, Hoover E A, Treatment of FeLV-induced immunodeficiency syndrome (FeLV-FAIDS) with controlled release capsular implantation of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine., Antiviral Research, 11(3), 147-60, April 1989
 - Quackenbush S L, Mullins J I, Hoover E A, Colony forming T lymphocyte deficit in the development of feline retrovirus induced immunodeficiency syndrome., Blood, 73(2), 509-16, February 1989
 - Dornsife R E, Gasper P W, Mullins J I, Hoover E A, In vitro erythrocytopathic activity of an aplastic anemia-inducing feline retrovirus., Experimental Hematology, 17(2), 138-44, February 1989
 - Hoover E A, Zeidner N S, Perigo N A, Quackenbush S L, Strobel J D, Hill D L, Mullins J I, Feline leukemia virus-induced immunodeficiency syndrome in cats as a model for evaluation of antiretroviral therapy., Intervirology, 30 Suppl 1, 12-25, 1989
 - Dornsife R E, Gasper P W, Mullins J I, Hoover E A, Induction of aplastic anemia by intra-bone marrow inoculation of a molecularly cloned feline retrovirus., Leukemia Research, 13(9), 745-55, 1989
 - Poss M L, Mullins J I, Hoover E A, Posttranslational modifications distinguish the envelope glycoprotein of the immunodeficiency disease-inducing feline leukemia virus retrovirus., Journal of Virology, 63(1), 189-95, January 1989
 - Contag, C. H., A. Ehrnst, Duda, J., Bohlin, A.B., Lindgren, S., Learn, G.H., and Mullins, J. I. (1997) Mother to infant transmission of HIV-1 involving five envelope sequence subtypes. J. Virology 71:2:1292-1300
- de Noronha, C.M.C., Reinhart, T.A., Mullins, J.I. (1996) The generation and role of defective proviruses in cytopathic Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV-FAIDS) infections. J. Virol. 70:1:359-367
- Yasutomi, T., Robinson, H.L., Lu, S., Mustafa, F., Lekutis, C., Arthos, J., Mullins, J.I., Voss, G., Manson, K., Wyand, M., Letvin, N.L. (1996) Simian immunodeficiency virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte induction through DNA vaccination of rhesus monkeys. J. Virol.70:678-681
- McElrath, M. J., Corey, L., Greenberg, P. D., Matthews, T. J., Montefiori, D. C., Rowen, L., Hood, L. and Mullins, J. I. (1996). HIV-1 infection despite prior immunization with a recombinant envelope vaccine regimen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93:9:3972-3977
- Learn, G.H., Korber, B.T.M., Foley, B., Hahn, B.H., Wolinsky, S.M., Mullins, J.I. (1996) Maintaining the integrity of HIV sequence databases. J. Virol. 70:8:5720-5730
- Liu, S.-L., Rodrigo, A.G, Shankarappa, R., Learn, G.H., Zhao, L.P., Li, H., Davidov, O., Mullins, J.I. (1996) HIV quasispecies and resampling. Science 273:415-416
- Rodrigo, A.G., and Mullins, J.I. (1996) HIV-1 molecular evolution and the measure of selection. AIDS Res. And Human Retrovir. 12:18:1681-1685
- Mossman, S.P., Bex, F., Berglund, P., Arthos, J., O'Neil, S.P., Riley, D., Maul, D.H., Bruck, C., Momin, P., Burny, A., Fultz, P.N., Mullins,J.I., Liljestrom, P.E., Hoover, E.A. (1996) Protection against lethal SIVsmmPBj14 disease by a recombinant Semliki Forest Virus gp160 vaccine and by a gp120 subunit vaccine. J. Virol. 70:3:1953-1960
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