Dr. Pamela A. Sample

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University of California, San Diego
School of Medicine
Ophthalmology
ProfessorAppointed: 1998
University of California, San Diego
School of Medicine
Ophthalmology
Clinical Vision Research, Hamilton Glaucoma Center
DirectorAppointed: 2003
University of California, San Diego
Division of Social Sciences
Psychology
Adjunct ProfessorAppointed: 2002
University of California, San Diego
School of Medicine
Ophthalmology
Visual Field Assessment Center (VisFACT), a reading center
DirectorAppointed: 1995
University of California, San Diego
School of Medicine
Ophthalmology
Visual Function Laboratory
DirectorAppointed: 1990
Professional Headshot of Pamela A. Sample

Mailing Address

University of California, San Diego
Department of Ophthalmology
Hamilton Glaucoma Center, Room 180
9500 Gilman Drive 0946
La Jolla, California 92093-0946
United States

Contact Information

Phone: (858) 534-6629
Fax: (858) 822-0499
psample@glaucoma.ucsd.edu

Qualifications

Ph.D., University of California, San Diego, Psychology, 1988.
M.A., University of California, San Diego, Psychology, 1984.
M.A., Indiana University Bloomington, Audiology, 1975.
B.A., Indiana University Bloomington, Speech and Hearing, 1973.

Expertise and Research Interests

Development of tests for early detection of vision loss due to disease
Developed short-wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP)

SWAP detects loss of visual function due to glaucoma three years earlier than conventional methods, and identifies progression of the disease before it can be detected with other functional tests. These findings have been replicated in other laboratories. Short-wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP) is now commercially available and is included as a test in several large clinical trials. The test is also sensitive to early vision loss due to diabetes and AIDS. I am also interested in determining how functional progression of glaucomatous damage can be best recognized and how its progression can be differentiated from that due to aging or other disease. A major emphasis is to understand the loss of retinal ganglion cell function by assessing tests which stress the specific visual functions associated with each ganglion cell subtype (blue-yellow color vision, motion, temporal processing etc.). This work has lead to a better understanding of ganglion cell loss in glaucoma and has significant implications for assessing the effectiveness of new protective therapies.

Other Expertise

- Teaching Interests: Dr. Sample accepts applications for graduate students in psychology and postdoctoral fellows interested in clinical research in glaucoma. Please contact her at psample@glaucoma.ucsd.edu
- The application of neural networks and other machine learning algorithms to the diagnosis and follow up of glaucoma
- Director of Visual Field Assessment Center (VisFACT), a visual field reading center for several multicenter clinical trials

Industrial Relevance

- Improved techniques for following small changes in visual function to increase the efficiency of clinical trials involving new protective therapies for glaucoma
- Visual Field Reading Center for data quality control, protocol adherence, and data analysis for visual fields in clinical trials

Keywords

COS Keywords:

Audiology, Blindness, Eye Diseases, Geriatrics, Gerontology, Ophthalmology, Psychology, Psychophysics, Vision.

Additional Terms:

Color Vision, Psychophysics, Vision in Glaucoma, Vision with Aging.

Memberships

American Academy of Ophthalmology
Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
Glaucoma Society
International Perimetric Society
Research to Prevent Blindness
Women in Ophthalmology

Honors and Awards

2002, Outstanding Undergraduate Mentor Teacher Award, Warren College, University of California San Diego
1999, Lew R. Wasserman Merit Award, Research to Prevent Blindness
1998, Invited member, Glaucoma Panel, National Eye Institute Vision Research Plan
1998, Elected Board Member, International Perimetric Society
1998, Elected Member of the Glaucoma Society, International Congress of Ophthalmology
1994, Award for Outstanding Support of Students with Disabilities, Office of Students with Disabilities, UCSD
1988, ARVO Student Travel Award, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
1987-1988, American Dissertation Fellowship, American Association of University Women
Fred Kapetansky Lecturer, Midwest Glaucoma Society

Previous Positions

1992-2002, Affiliate Appointment, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Psychology
1989-2002, Lecturer, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Psychology
1988-1990, Post-doctoral Fellow, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Psychology and Ophthalmology
1982-1988, Graduate Student, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Psychology
1979-1983, Audiologist, Robert E. Sandlin, Ph.D. & Assoc.
1975-1979, Research and Clinical Audiologist, Children's Hospital and Health Center, Speech, Hearing, and Neurosensory Center
1974-1975, Research Audiologist, Indiana University Bloomington, Center for Neural Sciences
1973-1974, Research Assistant, Indiana University Bloomington, Center for Neural Sciences

Funding Received

  • Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc.: SITA-SWAP normative data collection study, site PI, 2003 to 2003.
  • National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH): African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study (ADAGES), 2002 to 2007.
  • National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH): Medical Advice from Glaucoma Informatics (MAGI), Michael H. Goldbaum, P.I., 2002 to 2006.
  • National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH): Functional MRI in Glaucoma and Healthy Eyes, Linda M. Zangwill, P.I., 2002 to 2005.
  • National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH): Multivariate Quantification of Glaucomatous Neuropathy, Christopher A. Girkin, P.I., 2002 to 2007.
  • Glaucoma Research Foundation: Visual Function in African American Eyes with Glaucoma, 2000 to 2001.
  • Glaucoma Research Foundation: Monitoring Glaucoma Progression with a Multivariate Model of Visual Function and Optic Nerve Structure, 1998 to 1999.
  • National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH): The Study and Treatment of Retinopathy in AIDS. William R. Freeman, P.I., 1997 to 2000.
  • National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH): Entoptic Perimetry: A Screening Test for CMV Retinitis, Daniel Plummer, P.I., 1997 to 2000.
  • National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH): Short-wavelength Automated Perimetry in the OHTS Trial, 1995 to 2005.
  • National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH): Clinical Assessment of the Nerve Fiber Layer in Glaucoma, Linda Zangwill, P.I., 1995 to 2010.
  • National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH): Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS), Robert N. Weinreb, P.I., 1994 to 2003.
  • UC Universitywide AIDS Research Program: Changes in Visual Function Associated with AIDS, Dr, 1993 to 1994.
  • UCSD Academic Senate: Visual Function in Patients Associated with AIDS, 1993 to 1994.
  • National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH): Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study: Visual Function, 1990 to 2011.

Publications

  • Freeman WR, Van Natta ML, Jabs D, Sample PA, Sadun AA, Thorne J, Shah KH, Holland GN, SOCA Research Group (2008) Vision function in HIV-infected individuals without retinitis: report of the studies of ocular complications of AIDS research group, Am J Ophthalmol, 145, 453-62
  • Bowd C, Hao J, Tavares IM, Medeiros FA, Zangwill LM, Lee T-W, Sample PA, Weinreb RN, Goldbaum MH (2008) Bayesian machine learning classifiers for combining structural and functional measurements to classify healthy and glaucomatous eyes, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 49, 945-53
  • Racette L, Medeiros FA, Zangwill LM, Weinreb RN, Sample PA (2008) Diagnostic accuracy of the Matrix 24-2 and original N-30 frequency-doubling technology tests compared with standard automated perimetry, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 49, 954-60
  • Medeiros FA, Weinreb RN, Zangwill LM, Alencar LM, Sample PA, Vasile C, Bowd C (2008) Long-term intraocular pressure fluctuations and risk of conversion from ocular hypertension to glaucoma, Ophthalmology, 115, 934-40
  • Alencar LM, Bowd C, Weinreb RN, Zangwill LM, Sample PA, Medeiros FA (2008) Comparison of HRT3 glaucoma probability score and subjective stereophotograph assessment for prediction of progression in glaucoma suspects, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 49, 1989-906
  • Medeiros FA, Vizzeri G, Zangwill LM, Alencar LM, Sample PA, Weinreb RN (2008) Comparison of retinal nerve fiber layer and optic disc imaging for diagnosing glaucoma in patients suspected of having the disease, Ophthalmology, 115, 1340-6
  • Duncan RO, Sample PA, Weinreb RN, Bowd C, Zangwill LM (2007) Retinotopic organization of primary visual cortex in glaucoma: a method for comparing cortical function with damage to the optic disk, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 48, 733-44
  • Duncan RO, Sample PA, Weinreb RN, Bowd C, Zangwill LM (2007) Retinotopic organization of primary visual cortex in glaucoma: comparing fMRI mesaurements of cortical function with visual field loss, Prog Retin Eye Res, 26, 38-56
  • Bowd C, Tavares IM, Medeiros FA, Zangwill LM, Sample PA, Weinreb RN (2007) Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and visual sensitivity using scanning laser polarimetry with variable and enhanced corneal compensation, Ophthalmology, 114, 1259-65
  • Hoffmannn EM, Boden C, Zangwill LM, Bowd C, Medeiros FA, Crowston JG, Sample PA, Weinreb RN (2007) Intereye spatial relationship of abnormal neuroretinal rim locations in glaucoma patients from the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study, Am J Ophthalmol, 143, 781-7
  • Kim T-W, Zangwill LM, Bowd C, Sample PA, Shah N, Weinreb RN (2007) Retinal nerve fiber layer damage as assessed by optical coherence tomography in eyes with visual field defect detected by frequency doubling technology perimetry but not by standard automated perimetry, Ophthalmology, 114, 1053-7
  • Medeiros FA, Sample PA, Weinreb RN (2007) Comparison of dynamic contour tonometry and Goldmann applanation tonometry in African American subjects, Ophthalmology, 114, 658-65
  • Medeiros FA, Zangwill LM, Bowd C, Vasile C, Sample PA, Weinreb RN (2007) Agreement between stereophotographic and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy measurements of cup/disc ratio: effect on a predictive model for glaucoma development, J Glaucoma, 16, 209-14
  • Pascual JP, Schiefer U, Paetzold J, Zangwill LM, Tavares IM, Weinreb RN, Sample PA (2007) Spatial characteristics of visual field progression determined by monte carlo simulation, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 48, 1642-50
  • Leung CK, Medeiros FA, Zangwill LM, Sample PA, Bowd C, Ng D, Cheung CY, Lam DS, Weinreb RN (2007) American Chinese glaucoma imaging study: a comparison of the optic disc and retinal nerve fiber layer in detecting glaucomatous damage, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 48, 2622-52
  • Zangwill LM, Jain S, Racette L, Ernstrom KB, Bowd C, Medeiros FA, Sample PA, Weinreb RN (2007) The effect of disc size and severity of disease on the diagnostic accuracy of the Heidelberg Retinal Tomography Glaucoma Probability Score, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 48, 2653-60
  • Bourne RR, Jahanbakhsh K, Boden C, Zangwill LM, Hoffmann EM, Medeiros FA, Weinreb RN, Sample PA (2007) Reproducibility of visual field end point criteria for standard automated perimetry, full-thresholding Algorithm Strategies: Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study, Am J Ophthalmol, 144, 908-13
  • Racette L, Medeiros FA, Bowd C, Zangwill LM, Weinreb RN, Sample PA (2007) The impact of perimetric measurement scale, sample composition, and statistical method on the structure-function relationship in glaucoma, J Glaucoma, 16, 676-84
  • Boden C, Chan K, Sample PA, Hao J, Lee T-W, Zangwill LM, Weinreb RN, Goldbaum MH (2007) Assessing visual field clustering schemes using machine learning classifiers in standard perimetry, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 48, 5582-90
  • Kozak I, Sample PA, Hao J, Freeman WR, Weinreb RN, Lee T-W, Goldbaum MH (2007) Machine learning classifiers detect subtle field defects in eyes of HIV individuals, Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc, 105, 111-20
  • Lalezary M, Medeiros FA, Weinreb RN, Sample PA, Tavares IM, Tafreshi A, Zangwill LM (2006) Baseline optical coherence tomogaphy predicts the development of glaucomatous change in glaucoma suspects, Am J Ophthalmol, 142, 576-82
  • Ng D, Zangwill LM, Racette L, Pascual JP, Bourne RR, Boden C, Weinreb RN, Sample PA (2006) Agreement and repeatability between Standard Automated Perimetry and Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy in the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study., Am J Ophthalmol, 142, 381-6
  • Shah NN, Bowd C, Medeiros FA, Weinreb RN, Sample PA, Hoffmann EM, Zangwill LM (2006) Combining structural and functional testing for detection of glaucoma, Ophthalmology, 113, 1593-602
  • Hoffmann EM, Boden C, Zangwill LM, Bourne RR, Weinreb RN, Sample PA (2006) Inter-eye comparison of patterns of visual field loss in patients with glaucomatous optic neuropathy., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 141, 463-71
  • Medeiros FA, Zangwill LM, Bowd C, Sample PA, Weinreb RN (2006) Influence of disease severity and optic disc size on the diagnostic performance of imaging instruments in glaucoma., Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 47, 1008-15
  • Hoffmann EM, Medeiros FA, Sample PA, Boden C, Bowd C, Bourne RRA, Zangwill LM, Weinreb RN (2006) Relationship between patterns of visual field loss and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurements., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 141, 703-8
  • Medeiros FA, Sample PA, Zangwill LM, Liebmann JM, Girkin CG, Weinreb RN (2006) A statistical approach to evaluate covariate effects on the receiver operating characteristic curves of diagnostic tests in glaucoma., Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 47, 2520-7
  • Boden C, Hoffmann EM, Medeiros FA, Zangwill LM, Weinreb RN, Sample PA (2006) Inter-eye concordance in locations of visual field defects in primary open angle glaucoma: Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study., Ophthalmology, 113, 918-23
  • Bowd C, Zangwill LM, Medeiros FA, Tavares IM, Hoffmann EM, Bourne RR, Sample PA, Weinreb RN (2006) Structure-function relationships using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography and scanning laser polarimetry., Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 47, 2889-95
  • Sample PA, Medeiros FA, Racette L, Pascual JP, Boden C, Zangwill LM, Bowd C, Weinreb RN (2006) Identifying glaucomatous vision loss with visual function specific perimetry in the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study., Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 47, 3381-9
  • Medeiros FA, Ng D, Zangwill LM, Sample PA, Bowd C, Weinreb RN (2006) The effects of study design and spectrum bias on the evaluation of diagnostic accuracy of confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy in glaucoma, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 48, 214-22
  • Racette L, Boden C, Kleinhandler SL, Girkin CA, Liebmann JM, Zangwill LM, Medeiros FA, Bowd C, Weinreb RN, Wilson MR, Sample PA (2006) Optic nerve structure in healthy subjects - in reply, Arch Ophthalmol, 124, 1508-9
  • Medeiros FA, Weinreb RN, Sample PA, Gomi CF, Bowd C, Crowston JG, Zangwill LM (Oct 2005) Validation of a predictive model to estimate the risk of conversion from ocular hypertension to glaucoma., Archives of Ophthalmology, 123 (10), 1351-60 Abstract
  • Boden C, Pascual J, Medeiros FA, Aihara M, Weinreb RN, Sample PA (Jul 2005) Relationship of SITA and full-threshold standard perimetry to frequency-doubling technology perimetry in glaucoma., Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 46 (7), 2433-9 Abstract
  • Medeiros FA, Zangwill LM, Bowd C, Sample PA, Weinreb RN (Jun 2005) Use of progressive glaucomatous optic disk change as the reference standard for evaluation of diagnostic tests in glaucoma., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 139 (6), 1010-8 Abstract
  • Sample PA, Boden C, Zhang Z, Pascual JP, Lee T-W, Weinreb RN, Crowston JG, Hoffmann EM, Medeiros FA, Sejnowski T, Goldbaum MH (2005) Unsupervised machine learning with independent component analysis to identify areas of progression in glaucomatous visual fields., Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 46, 3684-92
  • Goldbaum MH, Sample PA, Zhang Z, Chan K, Hao J, Lee T-W, Boden C, Bowd C, Bourne RRA, Zangwill LM, Sejnowski T, Spinak D, Weinreb RN (2005) Using unsupervised learning with independent component analysis to identify patterns of glaucomatous visual field defects., Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 46, 3676-83
  • Racette L, Boden C, Kleinhandler SL, Girkin CA, Liebmann JM, Zangwill LM, Medeiros FA, Bowd C, Weinreb RN, Wilson MR, Sample PA (2005) Differences in visual function and optic nerve structure between healthy eyes of Blacks and Whites., Archives of Ophthalmology, 123, 1547-53
  • Boden C, Blumenthal EZ, Pascual J, McEwan G, Weinreb RN, Medeiros F, Sample PA (Dec 2004) Patterns of glaucomatous visual field progression identified by three progression criteria., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 138 (6), 1029-36 Abstract
  • Sanchez-Galeana CA, Bowd C, Zangwill LM, Sample PA, Weinreb RN (Oct 2004) Short-wavelength automated perimetry results are correlated with optical coherence tomography retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurements in glaucomatous eyes., Ophthalmology, 111 (10), 1866-72 Abstract
  • Mohammadi K, Bowd C, Weinreb RN, Medeiros FA, Sample PA, Zangwill LM (Oct 2004) Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurements with scanning laser polarimetry predict glaucomatous visual field loss., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 138 (4), 592-601 Abstract
  • Sample PA, Chan K, Boden C, Lee TW, Blumenthal EZ, Weinreb RN, Bernd A, Pascual J, Hao J, Sejnowski T, Goldbaum MH (Aug 2004) Using unsupervised learning with variational bayesian mixture of factor analysis to identify patterns of glaucomatous visual field defects., Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 45 (8), 2596-605 Abstract
  • Bowd C, Zangwill LM, Medeiros FA, Hao J, Chan K, Lee TW, Sejnowski TJ, Goldbaum MH, Sample PA, Crowston JG, Weinreb RN (Jul 2004) Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy classifiers and stereophotograph evaluation for prediction of visual field abnormalities in glaucoma-suspect eyes., Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 45 (7), 2255-62 Abstract
  • Medeiros FA, Sample PA, Weinreb RN (May 2004) Frequency doubling technology perimetry abnormalities as predictors of glaucomatous visual field loss., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 137 (5), 863-71 Abstract
  • Boden C, Sample PA (2004) Selective cell death in glaucoma: does it really exist?, Susanna R, Weinreb RN (eds). Answers in Glaucoma., Rio de Janeiro, Cultura Medica, 21-6 pages (bookchapter)
  • Demirel S, Flanagan J, Sample PA (2004) Short Wavelength Automated Perimetry (SWAP)., Association of International Glaucoma Societies (ed). Glaucoma Diagnosis: Structure and Function: Consensus Series 1., The Hague, Kugler Publications, 99-108 pages (bookchapter)
  • Sample PA, Chauhan BC, Araie M, Johnson CA (2004) Comparison of functional methods., Association of International Glaucoma Societies (ed). Glaucoma Diagnosis: Structure and Function: Consensus Series 1., The Hague, Kugler Publications, 119-26 pages (bookchapter)
  • El Beltagi TA, Bowd C, Boden C, Amini P, Sample PA, Zangwill LM, Weinreb RN (Nov 2003) Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measured with optical coherence tomography is related to visual function in glaucomatous eyes., Ophthalmology, 110 (11), 2185-91 Abstract
  • Medeiros FA, Sample PA, Zangwill LM, Bowd C, Aihara M, Weinreb RN (Nov 2003) Corneal thickness as a risk factor for visual field loss in patients with preperimetric glaucomatous optic neuropathy., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 136 (5), 805-13 Abstract
  • Mansberger SL, Zangwill LM, Sample PA, Choi D, Weinreb RN (Nov 2003) Relationship of optic disk topography and visual function in patients with large cup-to-disk ratios., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 136 (5), 888-94 Abstract
  • Medeiros FA, Sample PA, Weinreb RN (Oct 2003) Corneal thickness measurements and frequency doubling technology perimetry abnormalities in ocular hypertensive eyes., Ophthalmology, 110 (10), 1903-8 Abstract
  • Blumenthal EZ, Sample PA, Berry CC, Lee AC, Girkin CA, Zangwill L, Caprioli J, Weinreb RN (Oct 2003) Evaluating several sources of variability for standard and SWAP visual fields in glaucoma patients, suspects, and normals., Ophthalmology, 110 (10), 1895-902 Abstract
  • Racette L, Sample PA (Jun 2003) Short-wavelength automated perimetry., Ophthalmology Clinics of North America, 16 (2), 227-36, vi-vii Abstract
  • Schiefer U, Flad M, Stumpp F, Malsam A, Paetzold J, Vonthein R, Denk PO, Sample PA (Apr 2003) Increased detection rate of glaucomatous visual field damage with locally condensed grids: a comparison between fundus-oriented perimetry and conventional visual field examination., Archives of Ophthalmology, 121 (4), 458-65 Abstract
  • Sample PA (Mar 2003) Glaucoma is present prior to its detection with standard automated, Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie., 241 (3), 168-9 Abstract
  • Johnson CA, Sample PA, Zangwill LM, Vasile CG, Cioffi GA, Liebmann JR, Weinreb RN (Feb 2003) Structure and function evaluation (SAFE): II. Comparison of optic disk and visual field characteristics., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 135 (2), 148-54 Abstract
  • Medeiros FA, Sample PA, Weinreb RN (Feb 2003) Corneal thickness measurements and visual function abnormalities in ocular hypertensive patients., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 135 (2), 131-7 Abstract
  • Racette L, Wilson MR, Zangwill LM, Weinreb RN, Sample PA (May-Jun 2003) Primary open-angle glaucoma in blacks: a review., Survey of Ophthalmology, 48 (3), 295-313 Abstract
  • Chan K, Lee TW, Sample PA, Goldbaum MH, Weinreb RN, Sejnowski TJ (Sep 2002) Comparison of machine learning and traditional classifiers in glaucoma diagnosis., Ieee Transactions On Bio-medical Engineering, 49 (9), 963-74 Abstract
  • Wilson MR, Kosoko O, Cowan CL Jr, Sample PA, Johnson CA, Haynatzki G, Enger C, Crandall D (Sep 2002) Progression of visual field loss in untreated glaucoma patients and glaucoma suspects in St. Lucia, West Indies., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 134 (3), 399-405 Abstract
  • Chan K, Lee TW, Sample PA, Goldbaum MH, Weinreb RN, Sejnowski TJ (Sep 2002) Comparison of machine learning and traditional classifiers in glaucoma diagnosis., Ieee Transactions On Bio-medical Engineering, 49 (9), 963-74 Abstract
  • Sample PA, Goldbaum MH, Chan K, Boden C, Lee TW, Vasile C, Boehm AG, Sejnowski T, Johnson CA, Weinreb RN (Aug 2002) Using machine learning classifiers to identify glaucomatous change earlier in standard visual fields., Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 43 (8), 2660-5 Abstract
  • Johnson CA, Sample PA, Cioffi GA, Liebmann JR, Weinreb RN (Aug 2002) Structure and function evaluation (SAFE): I. criteria for glaucomatous visual field loss using standard automated perimetry (SAP) and short wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP)., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 134 (2), 177-85 Abstract
  • Boden C, Sample PA, Boehm AG, Vasile C, Akinepalli R, Weinreb RN (Jul 2002) The structure-function relationship in eyes with glaucomatous visual field loss that crosses the horizontal meridian., Archives of Ophthalmology, 120 (7), 907-12 Abstract
  • Lee AC, Sample PA, Blumenthal EZ, Berry C, Zangwill L, Weinreb RN (Jun 2002) Infrequent confirmation of visual field progression., Ophthalmology, 109 (6), 1059-65 Abstract
  • Goldbaum MH, Sample PA, Chan K, Williams J, Lee TW, Blumenthal E, Girkin CA, Zangwill LM, Bowd C, Sejnowski T, Weinreb RN (Jan 2002) Comparing machine learning classifiers for diagnosing glaucoma from standard automated perimetry., Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 43 (1), 162-9 Abstract
  • Tannenbaum DP, Zangwill LM, Bowd C, Sample PA, Weinreb RN (Oct 2001) Relationship between visual field testing and scanning laser polarimetry in patients with a large cup-to-disk ratio., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 132 (4), 501-6 Abstract
  • Bowd C, Zangwill LM, Berry CC, Blumenthal EZ, Vasile C, Sanchez-Galeana C, Bosworth CF, Sample PA, Weinreb RN (Aug 2001) Detecting early glaucoma by assessment of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and visual function., Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 42 (9), 1993-2003 Abstract
  • Sample PA (May 2001) What does functional testing tell us about optic nerve damage?, Survey of Ophthalmology, 45 Suppl 3, S319-24; discussion Abstract
  • Kono Y, Sample PA, Emdadi A, Weinreb RN (Dec 2000) Comparative study between pointwise and ranked threshold distribution analyses of change in serial fields for short-wavelength automated perimetry., Journal of Glaucoma, 9 (6), 419-27 Abstract
  • Girkin CA, Emdadi A, Sample PA, Blumenthal EZ, Lee AC, Zangwill LM, Weinreb RN (Sep 2000) Short-wavelength automated perimetry and standard perimetry in the detection of progressive optic disc cupping., Archives of Ophthalmology, 118 (9), 1231-6 Abstract
  • Sample PA (Jul 2000) Short-wavelength automated perimetry: it's role in the clinic and for understanding ganglion cell function., Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, 19 (4), 369-83 Abstract
  • Sample PA, Bosworth CF, Blumenthal EZ, Girkin C, Weinreb RN (Jun 2000) Visual function-specific perimetry for indirect comparison of different ganglion cell populations in glaucoma., Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 41 (7), 1783-90 Abstract
  • Blumenthal EZ, Sample PA, Zangwill L, Lee AC, Kono Y, Weinreb RN (Mar 2000) Comparison of long-term variability for standard and short-wavelength automated perimetry in stable glaucoma patients., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 129 (3), 309-13 Abstract
  • Bosworth CF, Sample PA, Weinreb RN (2000) Current practice with standard automated perimetry., Seminars in Ophthalmology, 15, 172-81
  • Sample PA, Bosworth CF, Weinreb RN (2000) The loss of visual function in glaucoma., Seminars in Ophthalmology, 15, 182-93
  • Johnson CA, Cioffi GA, Liebmann JR, Weinreb RN, Sample PA, Zangwill L (2000) The relationship between structural and functional alterations in glaucoma: A review., Seminars in Ophthalmology, 15, 221-33
  • Sample PA, Bosworth CF, Weinreb RN (2000) Perimetric tests for specific visual functions in eyes with glauocma., Weinreb RN, Kitazawa Y, Krieglstein GK (eds). Glaucoma in the 21st Century., London, Mosby International Ltd., 46-56 pages (bookchapter)
  • Sample PA, Williams JM, Bosworth CF, Pascual JP, Vasile C, Weinreb RN (2000) Identifying the best parameters for glaucomatous abnormality in various types of perimetry (Short Summary)., Wall M, Wild JM (eds). Perimetry Update 2000/01: Proceedings of the XIVth International Perimetric Society Meeting., Amsterdam, Kugler Publ., 267-8 pages (bookchapter)
  • Mansberger SL, Sample PA, Zangwill L, Weinreb RN (Nov 1999) Achromatic and short-wavelength automated perimetry in patients with glaucomatous large cups., Archives of Ophthalmology, 117 (11), 1473-7 Abstract
  • Emdadi A, Kono Y, Sample PA, Maskaleris G, Weinreb RN (Nov 1999) Parapapillary atrophy in patients with focal visual field loss., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 128 (5), 595-600 Abstract
  • Bosworth CF, Sample PA, Williams JM, Zangwill L, Lee B, Weinreb RN (Oct 1999) Spatial relationship of motion automated perimetry and optic disc topography in patients with glaucomatous optic neuropathy., Journal of Glaucoma, 8 (5), 281-9 Abstract
  • Sample PA, Plummer DJ, Mueller AJ, Matsubara KI, Sadun A, Grant I, Freeman WR (Jun 1999) Pattern of early visual field loss in HIV-infected patients., Archives of Ophthalmology, 117 (6), 755-60 Abstract
  • Kono Y, Zangwill L, Sample PA, Jonas JB, Emdadi A, Gupta N, Weinreb RN (Jun 1999) Relationship between parapapillary atrophy and visual field abnormality in primary open-angle glaucoma., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 127 (6), 674-80 Abstract
  • Plummer DJ, Banker A, Taskintuna I, Azen SP, Sample PA, LaBree L, Freeman WR (Feb 1999) The utility of entoptic perimetry as a screening test for cytomegalovirus retinitis., Archives of Ophthalmology, 117 (2), 202-7 Abstract
  • Plummer DJ, Marcotte TD, Sample PA, Wolfson T, Heaton RK, Grant I, Freeman WR (Feb 1999) Neuropsychological impairment-associated visual field deficits in HIV infection. HNRC Group. HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center., Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 40 (2), 435-42 Abstract
  • Sample PA, Emdadi A, Kono Y, Weinreb RN (1999) Repeatability of abnormality and progression in glaucomatous standard and SWAP visual fields., Wall M, Wild JM (eds). Perimetry Update 1998/99: Proceedings of the XIIIth International Perimetric Society Meeting., Amsterdam, Kugler Publ., 333-7 pages (bookchapter)
  • Kono Y, Sample PA, Emdadi A, Weinreb RN (1999) A longitudinal evaluation of short-wavelength automated perimetry in glaucoma patients., Wall M, Wild JM (eds). Perimetry Update 1998/99: Proceedings of the XIIIth International Perimetric Society Meeting, Amsterdam, Kugler Publ., 339-40 pages (bookchapter)
  • Emdadi A, Zangwill L, Sample PA, Kono Y, Anton A, Weinreb RN (Dec 1998) Patterns of optic disk damage in patients with early focal visual field loss., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 126 (6), 763-71 Abstract
  • Weinreb RN, Zangwill L, Berry CC, Bathija R, Sample PA (Dec 1998) Detection of glaucoma with scanning laser polarimetry., Archives of Ophthalmology, 116 (12), 1583-9 Abstract
  • Bosworth CF, Sample PA, Gupta N, Bathija R, Weinreb RN (Sep 1998) Motion automated perimetry identifies early glaucomatous field defects., Archives of Ophthalmology, 116 (9), 1153-8 Abstract
  • Anton A, Yamagishi N, Zangwill L, Sample PA, Weinreb RN (Apr 1998) Mapping structural to functional damage in glaucoma with standard automated perimetry and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 125 (4), 436-46 Abstract
  • Bathija R, Zangwill L, Berry CC, Sample PA, Weinreb RN (Apr 1998) Detection of early glaucomatous structural damage with confocal scanning laser tomography., Journal of Glaucoma, 7 (2), 121-7 Abstract
  • Plummer DJ, Sample PA, Freeman WR (Mar 1998) Visual dysfunction in HIV-positive patients without infectious retinopathy., Aids Patient Care and Stds, 12 (3), 171-9 Abstract
  • Sample PA, Bosworth CF, Weinreb RN (Sep 1997) Short-wavelength automated perimetry and motion automated perimetry in patients with glaucoma., Archives of Ophthalmology, 115 (9), 1129-33 Abstract
  • Mueller AJ, Plummer DJ, Dua R, Taskintuna I, Sample PA, Grant I, Freeman WR (Aug 1997) Analysis of visual dysfunctions in HIV-positive patients without retinitis., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 124 (2), 158-67 Abstract
  • Bosworth CF, Sample PA, Weinreb RN (Jul 1997) Perimetric motion thresholds are elevated in glaucoma suspects and glaucoma patients., Vision Research, 37 (14), 1989-97 Abstract
  • Sample PA, Irak I, Martinez GA, Yamagishi N (Jul 1997) Asymmetries in the normal short-wavelength visual field: implications for short-wavelength automated perimetry., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 124 (1), 46-52 Abstract
  • Yamagishi N, Anton A, Sample PA, Zangwill L, Lopez A, Weinreb RN (May 1997) Mapping structural damage of the optic disk to visual field defect in glaucoma., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 123 (5), 667-76 Abstract
  • Bosworth CF, Sample PA, Weinreb RN (Feb 1997) Motion perception thresholds in areas of glaucomatous visual field loss., Vision Research, 37 (3), 355-64 Abstract
  • Iragui VJ, Kalmijn J, Plummer DJ, Sample PA, Trick GL, Freeman WR (Dec 1996) Pattern electroretinograms and visual evoked potentials in HIV infection: evidence of asymptomatic retinal and postretinal impairment in the absence of infectious retinopathy., Neurology, 47 (6), 1452-6 Abstract
  • Sample PA, Johnson CA, Haegerstrom-Portnoy G, Adams AJ (Dec 1996) Optimum parameters for short-wavelength automated perimetry., Journal of Glaucoma, 5 (6), 375-83 Abstract
  • Zangwill LM, van Horn S, de Souza Lima M, Sample PA, Weinreb RN (Oct 1996) Optic nerve head topography in ocular hypertensive eyes using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 122 (4), 520-5 Abstract
  • Plummer DJ, Sample PA, Arevalo JF, Grant I, Quiceno JI, Dua R, Freeman WR (Oct 1996) Visual field loss in HIV-positive patients without infectious retinopathy., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 122 (4), 542-9 Abstract
  • Plummer DJ, Arevalo JF, Fram N, Quiceno JI, Sample PA, Freeman WR (Jul 1996) Effectiveness of entoptic perimetry for locating peripheral scotomas caused by cytomegalovirus retinitis., Archives of Ophthalmology, 114 (7), 828-31 Abstract
  • Plummer DJ, Arevalo JF, Fram N, Quiceno JI, Sample PA, Freeman WR (1996) Efectividad de la perimetria entoptica para localizar escotomas perifericos causados por retinitis por citomegalovirus., Archives of Ophthalmology (ed Esp), 7 (6), 303-7
  • Weinreb RN, Anton A, Sample PA (1996) Diagnosing and redefining glaucoma., Van Duin S, Rizza D (eds). Glaucoma: Decision Making in Therapy, Milano, Springer-Verlag, 91-5 pages (bookchapter)
  • Weinreb RN, Shakiba S, Sample PA, Shahrokni S, van Horn S, Garden VS, Asawaphureekorn S, Zangwill L (Dec 1995) Association between quantitative nerve fiber layer measurement and visual field loss in glaucoma., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 120 (6), 732-8 Abstract
  • Martinez GA, Sample PA, Weinreb RN (Feb 1995) Comparison of high-pass resolution perimetry and standard automated perimetry in glaucoma., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 119 (2), 195-201 Abstract
  • Tsai CS, Zangwill L, Sample PA, Weinreb RN, Garden V, Bartsch D (1995) Correlation of peripapillary retinal height and visual field in glaucoma and normal subjects., Journal of Glaucoma, 4, 110-6
  • Sample PA, Martinez GA, Weinreb RN (Nov 1994) Short-wavelength automated perimetry without lens density testing., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 118 (5), 632-41 Abstract
  • Goldbaum MH, Sample PA, White H, Colt B, Raphaelian P, Fechtner RD, Weinreb RN (Aug 1994) Interpretation of automated perimetry for glaucoma by neural network., Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 35 (9), 3362-73 Abstract
  • Weinreb RN, Lindsey JD, Sample P (Jul 1994) Lateral geniculate nucleus in glaucoma., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 118 (1), 126-9 Abstract
  • Bosem ME, Sample PA, Martinez GA, Lusky M, Weinreb RN (Jan 1994) Age-related changes in the human lens: a comparison of Scheimpflug photography and lens density index., Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, 20 (1), 70-3 Abstract
  • Sample PA, Madrid ME, Weinreb RN (1994) Evidence for a variety of functional defects in glaucoma suspect eyes., Journal of Glaucoma, 3, S5-S18
  • Sample PA, Taylor JD, Martinez GA, Lusky M, Weinreb RN (Feb 1993) Short-wavelength color visual fields in glaucoma suspects at risk., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 115 (2), 225-33 Abstract
  • Cook JN, Sample PA, Weinreb RN (1993) A solution to spatial inhomogeneity on video monitors., Color Research and Application, 5, 334-40
  • Sample PA, Martinez GA, Weinreb RN (1993) Color visual fields: a 5 year prospective study in eyes with primary open angle glaucoma., Mills R (ed). Perimetry Update 1992/1993: Proceedings of the Xth International Perimetric Society Meeting., Amsterdam, Kugler Publ., 473-6 pages (bookchapter)
  • Sample PA, Cook JN, Weinreb RN (1993) Variability and sensitivity of short-wavelength color visual fields in normal and glaucoma eyes., Digest of Topical Meeting on Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System, Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C., 292-5 pages
  • Sample PA, Weinreb RN (May 1992) Progressive color visual field loss in glaucoma., Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 33 (6), 2068-71 Abstract
  • Sample PA, Ahn DS, Lee PC, Weinreb RN (Mar 1992) High-pass resolution perimetry in eyes with ocular hypertension and primary open-angle glaucoma., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 113 (3), 309-16 Abstract
  • Sample PA, Juang PS, Weinreb RN (Sep 1991) Isolating the effects of primary open-angle glaucoma on the contrast sensitivity function., American Journal of Ophthalmology, 112 (3), 308-16 Abstract
  • Sample PA, Quirante JS, Weinreb RN (Jun 1991) Age-related changes in the human lens. Clinical assessment of age-related changes in the human lens., Acta Ophthalmologica, 69 (3), 310-4 Abstract
  • Sample PA, Weinreb RN (Sep 1990) Color perimetry for assessment of primary open-angle glaucoma., Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 31 (9), 1869-75 Abstract
  • Sample PA, Esterson FD, Weinreb RN (Apr 1989) A practical method for obtaining an index of lens density with an automated perimeter., Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 30 (4), 786-7 Abstract
  • Sample PA, Weinreb RN (1989) Color perimetry for evaluation of primary open angle glaucoma., Digest of Topical Meeting on Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System, Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C.
  • Sample PA, Esterson FD, Weinreb RN, Boynton RM (Aug 1988) The aging lens: in vivo assessment of light absorption in 84 human eyes., Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 29 (8), 1306-11 Abstract
  • Sample PA, Weinreb RN, Boynton RM (Jul-Aug 1986) Acquired dyschromatopsia in glaucoma., Survey of Ophthalmology, 31 (1), 54-64 Abstract
  • Sandlin R, Sample P (1980) Clinical management of the hearing impaired patient., Seminars in Speech, Language and Hearing, 1, 239-252
  • Neff P, Morioka W, Sample P, Cantrell R (1980) Audiometric and tympanometric monitoring of a disease affecting nerve-muscle transmission., Audiology, 19, 293-309
  • Neff P, Morioka W, Sample P, Cantrell R (1976) Audiometric and tympanometric monitoring of Myasthenia Gravis and associated diseases., IRCS Neurol Neurosurg, 4, 204
  • Schiefer U, Comparison of the new "German Adaptive Threshold Estimation" (GATE) strategy with conventional full-threshold and SITA Standard strategies, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, In Press
  • Bowd C, Vizzeri G, Tafreshi A, Zangwill LM, Sample PA, Weinreb RN, Diagnostic accuracy of pattern electroretinogram optimized for glaucoma detection (PERGLA), Ophthalmology, In Press
  • Bowd C, Tafreshi A, Vizzeri G, Zangwill LM, Sample PA, Weinreb RN, Repeatability of pattern electroretinogram measurements using a new paradigm optimized for glaucoma detection, J Glaucoma, In Press
  • Tafreshi A, Sample PA, Liebmann JM, Girkin CA, Zangwill LM, Weinreb RN, Lalezary M, Racette L, Visual function specific perimetry to identify glaucomatous visual loss using three different definitions of visual field abnormality, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, In Press

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Last Updated: 9/25/2008

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