Gerald R. Smith

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Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Basic Sciences Division
MemberAppointed: 1985
University of Washington
School of Medicine
Genome Sciences and Pathology
Affiliate ProfessorAppointed: 1983
Professional Headshot of Gerald R. Smith

Mailing Address

Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
1100 Fairview Ave. N.
P.O. Box 19024
A1-162
Seattle, Washington 98109-1024
United States

Contact Information

Phone: (206) 667-4438
Fax: (206) 667-6497
gsmith@fhcrc.org
http://labs.fhcrc.org/gsmith/

Qualifications

Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Biology, 1970.
B.S., Cornell University, Microbiology, 1966.

Expertise and Research Interests

Recombination and DNA Break Repair: Mechanism and Control

Genetic recombination plays a crucial role in the maintenance of chromosomal integrity and the generation of genetic diversity. During mitotic growth of cells, faithful repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) requires homologous recombination. Failure to repair DSBs is often lethal, as essential genes can be lost. During meiosis, recombination plays an important role in the proper segregation of chromosomes and the formation of viable sex cells. Aberrancies in recombination thus produce chromosomal losses and rearrangements, such as deletions and translocations, and can result in birth defects or cancers. Understanding the molecular mechanism of recombination will give us insight into the causes of these diseases and possibly ways of predicting or preventing them; it will also help create new cell lines and mutant organisms by gene targeting. Common features of recombination in model organisms, including easily studied microorganisms, aid identifying human genes for recombination and DSB repair, which may be altered in specific diseases such as cancer.

Our lab's goals are to elucidate how recombination and DSB repair are accomplished and how they are regulated to occur at the proper place and time. Our research is focused on meiotic recombination in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe and on the major (RecBCD) pathway of recombination in the bacterium Escherichia coli. In both organisms we approach this problem genetically, by analyzing mutants altered in the process, and biochemically, by studying the enzymes and special DNA sites (hotspots) that promote recombination and repair. These approaches are greatly facilitated by the advanced genetics and biochemistry of these microorganisms.

Meiotic Recombination in S. pombe

We have recently outlined a pathway of proteins promoting meiotic recombination, which we divide into three stages: chromosome movement and pairing (called "horsetailing" and "bouquet" formation), DSB formation, and DSB repair. We have placed dozens of gene products into these stages and identified two central DNA intermediates of recombination - DSBs and Holliday junctions (HJs). Our current genome-wide analysis of DSBs confirms our previous mapping of DSBs to hotspots of recombination; these results will help us find the chromosomal determinants of these hotspots. In addition, there is a paucity of DSBs in intervals that nevertheless have abundant crossing-over, a result suggesting that lesions other than DSBs can initiate recombination. Single HJs predominate instead of the double HJs seen in budding yeast. Our current research has revealed additional ways in which recombination differs in these two yeasts. For example, we have found roles for RNAi components, not present in budding yeast, and a histone modifying enzyme in the repression of DSB formation at recombinationally silent centromeres. We have found that palindromic DNA, a frequent feature in the human genome, confers a recombination hotspot independent of the major DSB-forming protein Rec12 (Spo11 homolog); we are determining if palindromes promote non-homologous translocations, as they do during human meiosis. Determining the mechanism of homologous and non-homologous recombination in S. pombe will aid studies of the mechanism in human cells.

DNA Break Repair in E. coli

We are studying the complex RecBCD enzyme and its control by the recombination hotspot Chi (5' GCTGGTGG 3'). RecBCD has multiple activities on DNA, including DNA unwinding and DNA hydrolysis. Using mutant RecBCD enzymes and electron microscopy, we have found that RecBCD unwinds DNA by producing a growing ss DNA loop through the combined action of a fast helicase (RecD) and a slower ss DNA translocase (RecB). Upon encountering Chi, RecBCD enzyme is changed such that it produces a 3' ss DNA end onto which it loads RecA strand-exchange protein; the physical basis of Chi's regulation of RecBCD is unknown. We have recently isolated novel classes of recBCD mutants whose properties lead us to propose a "signal transduction cascade" model, in which RecC recognizes Chi and signals RecD to stop unwinding DNA; RecD then signals RecB to cut the DNA and to begin loading RecA. We are testing the predictions of this model with a combination of genetics and enzymology. RecBCD is an excellent example of a complex "protein machine"; understanding the mechanism and control of RecBCD will aid studies of other such machines, including those acting in replication and transcription.

Other Expertise

- Board of Directors, Genetics Society of America, 2001-2004
- Study sections and site visit advisory committees, NIH, 1990-2009 (intermittent)
- Scientific Advisory Board, Damon Runyon-Walter Winchell Cancer Research Fund, 1993-1998
- Editorial Boards (Molecular and General Genetics, Journal of Bacteriology, Journal of Molecular Biology, Genetics), 1983-present
- Scientific meeting organization: FASEB Conference on Genetic Recombination and Genome Rearrangements, Chair 1987, Session chair, 1991-1999
- International Congress of Genetics, Symposium organizer, 1998
- Gordon Conference on Meiosis, Session chair, 1994, 1998
- International Fission Yeast Meeting, Session chair, 1999, 2002, 2004
- EMBO Workshop on Meiosis, Session chair, 2003

Keywords

COS Keywords:

Biochemistry, Cancer Or Carcinogenesis, DNA Repair, Genetic Diseases, Genetic Manipulation, Genetics, Genomics, Microbiology, Molecular Biology, Recombinant DNA.

Additional Terms:

Escherichia Coli, Meiosis, RecBCD Enzyme, Recombination Hotspots, Schizosaccharomyces Pombe.

Languages

(Reading, Writing, Speaking)

French: (Fluent, Basic, Fluent)

Memberships

American Association for the Advancement of Science
American Society of Microbiology
Genetics Society of America

Honors and Awards

2008-2008, Fellow, American Association for the Advancment of Science (AAAS)
1999-1999, Senior International Fellow, NIH Fogarty Center, Imperial Cancer Research Fund (London)
1999-1999, Research Travel Grant Awardee, Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Imperial Cancer Research Fund (London)
1980-1985, Research Career Development Awardee, National Institutes of Health, University of Oregon and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
1973-1975, International Postdoctoral Fellow, Swiss National Science Foundation, University of Geneva
1970-1973, Postdoctoral Fellow, Helen Hay Whitney Foundation, University of California at Berkeley and University of Geneva
1966-1970, Predoctoral Fellow, National Science Foundation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1962-1962, Finalist, Westinghouse Science Talent Search

Previous Positions

1989-2001, Affiliate Professor, University of Washington, Genetics and Pathology
1983-1989, Affiliate Associate Professor, University of Washington, Genetics and Pathology
1982-1985, Associate Member, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Basic Sciences Division
1980-1982, Associate Professor, University of Oregon, College of Arts and Sciences (CAS), Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology
1975-1982, Research Associate, University of Oregon, College of Arts and Sciences (CAS), Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology
1975-1980, Assistant Professor, University of Oregon, College of Arts and Sciences (CAS), Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology
1972-1975, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Geneva, Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Dr. Harvey Eisen
1970-1972, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of California, Berkeley, Biochemistry, Laboratory of Dr. Bruce Ames

Funding Received

  • Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation: Anti-TB Drugs that limit Evolution of Resistance, 2009 to 2010.
  • R03AI083736: R03 AI083736 Novel Antibacterial Drugs Targeting DNA Repair Enzymes, 2009 to 2011.
  • Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/ Synergy fund: DNA Break Repair in Helicobacter pylori: Pilot Studies for a New Class of Broad-range Antibiotics, 2007 to 2008.
  • National Institute of General Medical Sciences: R01 GM32194 Molecular Mechanisms of Genetic Recombination, 1983 to 2013.
  • National Institute of General Medical Sciences: R01 GM31693 Molecular Analysis of Hotspots of Genetic Recombination, 1980 to 2012.

Publications

  • Milman N, Higuchi E, Smith GR (Sep 2009) Meiotic Double-strand Break Repair Requires Two Nucleases, MRN and Ctp1, To Produce a Single Size-class of Rec12 (Spo11)-oligonucleotides., Molecular and cellular biology Abstract
  • Amundsen SK, Fero J, Salama NR, Smith GR (Jun 2009) Dual Nuclease and Helicase Activities of Helicobacter pylori AddAB Are Required for DNA Repair, Recombination, and Mouse Infectivity., The Journal of biological chemistry, 284 (25), 16759-66 Abstract
  • Farah JA, Cromie GA, Smith GR (Jun 2009) Ctp1 and Exonuclease 1, alternative nucleases regulated by the MRN complex, are required for efficient meiotic recombination., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106 (23), 9356-61 Abstract
  • Cromie GA. (2009) Phylogenetic ubiquity and shuffling of the bacterial RecBCD and AddAB recombination complexes, J. Bacteriology, 16, 5076-84
  • Hyppa, RW (2009) Using Schizosaccharomyces pombe meiosis to analyze DNA recombination intermediates, in "Meiosis vol. 1, Molecular and Genetic Methods", Meiosis, Humana press, S. Keeney, 235-252 pages (bookchapter)
  • Amundsen SK, Fero J, Hansen LM, Cromie GA, Solnick JV, Smith GR, Salama NR (Aug 2008) Helicobacter pylori AddAB helicase-nuclease and RecA promote recombination-related DNA repair and survival during stomach colonization., Molecular microbiology, 69 (4), 994-1007 Abstract
  • Oh SD, Lao JP, Taylor AF, Smith GR, Hunter N (Aug 2008) RecQ helicase, Sgs1, and XPF family endonuclease, Mus81-Mms4, resolve aberrant joint molecules during meiotic recombination., Molecular cell, 31 (3), 324-36 Abstract
  • Davis L, Rozalén AE, Moreno S, Smith GR, Martín-Castellanos C (Jun 2008) Rec25 and Rec27, novel linear-element components, link cohesin to meiotic DNA breakage and recombination., Current biology : CB, 18 (11), 849-54 Abstract
  • Hyppa, R.W., Cromie, G.A., and Smith, G.R. (2008) Indistinguishable Landscapes of Meiotic DNA Breaks in rad50+ and rad50S Strains of Fission Yeast Revealed by a Novel rad50+ Recombination Intermediate, PLoS Genet, 4, 2612-2620
  • Smith, G.R. (2008) Meeting DNA palindromes head-to-head, Genes & Development, 22, 2612-2620
  • Cromie, G.A., Hyppa, R.W., and Smith, G.R. (2008) The fission yeast BLM homolog Rqh1 promotes meiotic recombination., Genetics, 179, 1157-1167
  • Cromie, G.A., and Smith, G.R. (2008) Meiotic recombination in S. pombe: A paradigm for genetic and molecular analysis, in Recombination and Meiosis. In Genome Dynamics and Stability,, In Genome Dynamics and Stability, R. Egel, ed, 195-230 pages (bookchapter)
  • Cromie, G., and Smith, G. R. (2007) Branching out: meiotic recombination and its regulation, TRENDS in Cell Biology, 17, 450-455
  • Amundsen, S., Taylor, A. F., Reddy, M., and Smith, G. R. (2007) Intersubunit signaling in RecBCD enzyme, a complex protein machine regulated by Chi hotspots, Genes & Development, 21, 3296-3307
  • Cromie, G., Hyppa, R. W., Hugh, C. P., Farah, J. A., Grewal, S. I. and Smith, G. R. (2007) A discrete class of intergenic DNA dictates meiotic DNA break hotspots in fission yeast., PloS Genetics, 3 (8), e141
  • Oh, S. D., Lao, J. P., Hwang, P. Y-H., Taylor, A. F., Smith, G. R., and Hunter, N. (2007) Sgs1, a Bloom's helicase ortholog, prevents aberrant crossing-over by suppressing the formation of multi-chromatid joint molecules, Cell, 131, 259-272
  • Amundsen SK, Smith GR. (2007) Chi hotspot activity in Escherichia coli without RecBCD exonuclease activity: implications for the mechanism of recombination., Genetics, 175 (1), 41-54
  • Cromie GA, Hyppa RW, Taylor AF, Zakharyevich K, Hunter N, Smith GR. (2006) Single Holliday junctions are intermediates of meiotic recombination., Cell, 127 (6), 1167-78
  • Davis L., Smith GR. (2006) The meiotic bouquet promotes homolog interactions and restricts ectopic recombination in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Genetics, 174 (1), 167-77
  • Steiner, WW, Smith, GR (2005) Natural meiotic recombination hot spots in the Schizosaccharomyces pombe genome successfully predicted from the simple sequence motif M26, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 25 (20), 9054-9062.
  • Ellermeier C, Smith GR, Cohesins are required for meiotic DNA breakage and recombination in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 102(31), 10952-10957, 2005
  • Farah JA, Cromie G, Steiner WW, and Smith GR, A novel recombination pathway initiated by the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex eliminates palindromes during meiosis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Genetics, 169, 1261-1274, 2005
  • Cromie G, Rubio, C, Hyppa RW and Smith G, A natural meiotic DNA break site in Schizosaccharomyces pombe Is a hotspot of gene conversion, highly associated with crossing-over, Genetics, 169, 595-605, 2005
  • Davis L, and Smith GR, Dynein promotes achiasmate segregation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe., Genetics, 170, 581-590, 2005
  • Steiner WW and Smith GR, Optimizing the nucleotide sequence of a meiotic recombination hotspot in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Genetics, 169, 1973-1983, 2005
  • Malapeira J, Moldon A, Hidalgo E, Smith GR. Nurse P, Ayte J, A meiosis-specific cyclin regulated by splicing is required for proper progression through meiosis, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 25, 6330-6337, 2005
  • Martin-Castellanos, C., Blanco, M., Rozalen, A. E., Perez-Hidalgo, L., Garcia, A. I., Conde, F., Mata, J., Ellermeier, C., Davis, L., San-Segundo, P. and Moreno, S. (2005) A large-scale screen in S. pombe identifies seven novel genes required for critical meiotic events, 22, 2056-2062
  • Farah JA., Cromie G., Davis L., Steiner WW., Smith GR. (2005) Activation of an alternative, Rec12 (Spo11)-independent pathway of fission yeast meiotic recombination in the absence of a DNA flap endonuclease., Genetics, 171, 1499-511
  • Duquette ML, Handa P, Vincent JA, Taylor AF, Maizels N, Intracellular Transcription of G-rich DNAs Induces Formation of G-loops, Novel Structures Containing G4 DNA, Genes and Development, 18(13), 1618-29, July 2004 Abstract
  • Young, JA, Hyppa, RW, and Smith, GR, Conserved and nonconserved proteins for meiotic DNA breakage and repair in yeasts, Genetics, 167, 593-605, June 2004
  • Smith GR, How homologous recombination is initiated: unexpected evidence for single-strand nicks from V(D)J site-specific recombination, Cell, 117(2), 146-8, April 2004 Abstract
  • Ellermeier C, Schmidt H and Smith GR, Swi5 acts in meiotic DNA joint molecule formation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe., Genetics, 168, 1891-1898, 2004
  • Taylor AF, Smith GR, RecBCD enzyme is a DNA helicase with fast and slow motors of opposite polarity, Nature, 423(6942), 889-93, June 2003 Abstract
  • Amundsen SK, Smith GR, Interchangeable parts of the Escherichia coli recombination machinery, Cell, 112(6), 741-4, March 2003 Abstract
  • Davis L, Smith GR, Non-random homolog segregation at meiosis I in Schizosaccharomyces pombe mutants lacking recombination, Genetics, 163, 857-874, 2003
  • Smith GR, Boddy MN, Shanahan P, Russell P, Fission yeast Mus81·Eme1 Holliday junction resolvase is required for meiotic crossing over but not for gene conversion, Genetics, 165, 2289-2293, 2003
  • Lucius AL, Vindigni A, Gregorian R, Ali JA, Taylor AF, Smith GR, Lohman TM, DNA unwinding step-size of E. coli RecBCD helicase determined from single turnover chemical quenched-flow kinetic studies, Journal of Molecular Biology, 324(3), 409-28, November 2002 Abstract
  • Milac TI, Adler FR, Smith GR, Maximal power tests for detecting defects in meiotic recombination, Genetics, 161(3), 1333-7, July 2002 Abstract
  • Amundsen SK, Taylor AF, Smith GR, A domain of RecC required for assembly of the regulatory RecD subunit into the Escherichia coli RecBCD holoenzyme, Genetics, 161(2), 483-92, June 2002 Abstract
  • Farah JA, Hartsuiker E, Mizuno K, Ohta K, Smith GR, A 160-bp palindrome is a Rad50.Rad32-dependent mitotic recombination hotspot in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Genetics, 161(1), 461-8, May 2002 Abstract
  • Steiner WW, Schreckhise RW, Smith GR, Meiotic DNA breaks at the S. pombe recombination hot spot M26, Molecular Cell, 9(4), 847-55, April 2002 Abstract
  • Young JA, Schreckhise RW, Steiner WW, Smith GR, Meiotic recombination remote from prominent DNA break sites in S. pombe, Molecular Cell, 9(2), 253-63, February 2002 Abstract
  • Amundsen SK, Taylor AF, Smith GR, A domain of RecC required for assembly of the regulatory RecD subunit into the Escherichia coli RecBCD holoenzyme, Genetics, 161, 483-492, 2002
  • Smith GR, Chi sequences, Encyclopedia of Genetics. S. Brenner and J.H. Miller, editors-in-chief, pp. 325-328, 2002
  • Mizuno K, Hasemi T, Ubukata T, Yamada T, Lehmann E, Kohli J, Watanabe Y, Iino Y, Yamamoto M, Fox ME, Smith GR, Murofushi H, Shibata T, Ohta K, Counteracting regulation of chromatin remodeling at a fission yeast cAMP response element-related recombination hotspot by stress-activated protein kinase, cAMP-dependent kinase and meiosis regu, Genetics, 159(4), 1467-78, December 2001 Abstract
  • Davis L, Smith GR, Meiotic recombination and chromosome segregation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 98(15), 8395-402, July 2001 Abstract
  • Smith GR, Homologous recombination near and far from DNA breaks: alternative roles and contrasting views, Annual Review of Genetics, 35, 243-74, 2001 Abstract
  • Amundsen SK, Taylor AF, Smith GR, The RecD subunit of the Escherichia coli RecBCD enzyme inhibits RecA loading, homologous recombination, and DNA repair, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 97(13), 7399-404, June 2000 Abstract
  • Cervantes MD, Farah JA, Smith GR, Meiotic DNA breaks associated with recombination in S. pombe, Molecular Cell, 5(5), 883-8, May 2000 Abstract
  • Fox, MF, Yamada T, Ohta K, Smith GR, A family of CRE-related DNA sequences with meiotic recombination hotspot activity in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Genetics, 156, 59-68, 2000
  • Taylor AF, Smith GR, Regulation of homologous recombination: Chi inactivates RecBCD enzyme by disassembly of the three subunits, Genes and Development, 13(7), 890-900, April 1999 Abstract
  • Smith GR, Homologous recombination, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, T.E. Creighton Ed.-in-chief John Wiley, pp.1164-1165, 1999
  • Smith GR, Illegitimate recombination, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, T.E. Creighton Ed.-in-chief John Wiley, pp. 1211-1212, 1999
  • Smith GR, Recombination, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, T.E. Creighton Ed.-in-chief John Wiley, p. 2109, 1999
  • Colbert T, Taylor AF, Smith GR, Genomics, Chi sites and codons: 'islands of preferred DNA pairing' are oceans of ORFs [letter], Trends in Genetics, 14(12), 485-8, December 1998 Abstract
  • Ding R, Smith GR, Global control of meiotic recombination genes by Schizosaccharomyces pombe rec16 (rep1), Molecular and General Genetics, 258(6), 663-70, June 1998 Abstract
  • Amundsen SK, Taylor AF, Smith GR, A stimulatory RNA associated with RecBCD enzyme, Nucleic Acids Research, 26(9), 2125-31, May 1998 Abstract
  • Jessen JR, Meng A, McFarlane RJ, Paw BH, Zon LI, Smith GR, Lin S, Modification of bacterial artificial chromosomes through chi-stimulated homologous recombination and its application in zebrafish transgenesis, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 95(9), 5121-6, April 1998 Abstract
  • Fox ME, Smith GR, Control of meiotic recombination in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology, 61, 345-78, 1998 Abstract
  • Kon N, Krawchuk MD, Warren BG, Smith GR, Wahls WP, Transcription factor Mts1/Mts2 (Atf1/Pcr1, Gad7/Pcr1) activates the M26 meiotic recombination hotspot in Schizosaccharomyces pombe [see comments], Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 94(25), 13765-70, December 1997 Abstract
  • Farah JA, Smith GR, The RecBCD enzyme initiation complex for DNA unwinding: enzyme positioning and DNA opening, Journal of Molecular Biology, 272(5), 699-715, October 1997 Abstract
  • Evans DH, Li YF, Fox ME, Smith GR, A WD repeat protein, Rec14, essential for meiotic recombination in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Genetics, 146(4), 1253-64, August 1997 Abstract
  • Fox ME, Virgin JB, Metzger J, Smith GR, Position- and orientation-independent activity of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe meiotic recombination hot spot M26, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 94(14), 7446-51, July 1997 Abstract
  • Li YF, Smith GR, The Schizosaccharomyces pombe rec16 gene product regulates multiple meiotic events, Genetics, 146(1), 57-67, May 1997 Abstract
  • Dabert P, Smith GR, Gene replacement with linear DNA fragments in wild-type Escherichia coli: enhancement by Chi sites, Genetics, 145(4), 877-89, April 1997 Abstract
  • Li YF, Numata M, Wahls WP, Smith GR, Region-specific meiotic recombination in Schizosaccharomyces pombe: the rec11 gene, Molecular Microbiology, 23(5), 869-78, March 1997 Abstract
  • Szankasi P, Smith GR, Requirement of S. pombe exonuclease II, a homologue of S. cerevisiae Sep1, for normal mitotic growth and viability, Current Genetics, 30(4), 284-93, September 1996 Abstract
  • Taylor AF, Smith GR, Monomeric RecBCD enzyme binds and unwinds DNA, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270(41), 24451-8, October 1995 Abstract
  • Taylor AF, Smith GR, Strand specificity of nicking of DNA at Chi sites by RecBCD enzyme. Modulation by ATP and magnesium levels, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270(41), 24459-67, October 1995 Abstract
  • Virgin JB, Metzger J, Smith GR, Active and inactive transplacement of the M26 recombination hotspot in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Genetics, 141(1), 33-48, September 1995 Abstract
  • Lin Y, Smith GR, An intron-containing meiosis-induced recombination gene, rec15, of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Molecular Microbiology, 17(3), 439-48, August 1995 Abstract
  • Lin Y, Smith GR, Molecular cloning of the meiosis-induced rec10 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Current Genetics, 27(5), 440-6, April 1995 Abstract
  • Szankasi P, Smith GR, A role for exonuclease I from S. pombe in mutation avoidance and mismatch correction, Science, 267(5201), 1166-9, February 1995 Abstract
  • Smith GR, Amundsen SK, Dabert P, Taylor AF, The initiation and control of homologous recombination in Escherichia coli, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 347(1319), 13-20, January 1995 Abstract
  • Wahls WP, Smith GR, A heteromeric protein that binds to a meiotic homologous recombination hot spot: correlation of binding and hot spot activity, Genes and Development, 8(14), 1693-702, July 1994 Abstract
  • Smith GR, Hotspots of homologous recombination, Experientia, 50(3), 234-41, March 1994 Abstract
  • Lin Y, Smith GR, Transient, meiosis-induced expression of the rec6 and rec12 genes of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Genetics, 136(3), 769-79, March 1994 Abstract
  • DeVeaux LC, Smith GR, Region-specific activators of meiotic recombination in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Genes and Development, 8(2), 203-10, January 1994 Abstract
  • Wahls WP, Song JM, Smith GR, Single-stranded DNA binding activity of C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase enzymes, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268(32), 23792-8, November 1993 Abstract
  • Ganesan S, Smith GR, Strand-specific binding to duplex DNA ends by the subunits of the Escherichia coli RecBCD enzyme, Journal of Molecular Biology, 229(1), 67-78, January 1993 Abstract
  • Holbeck SL, Smith GR, Chi enhances heteroduplex DNA levels during recombination, Genetics, 132(4), 879-91, December 1992 Abstract
  • Lin Y, Larson KL, Dorer R, Smith GR, Meiotically induced rec7 and rec8 genes of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Genetics, 132(1), 75-85, September 1992 Abstract
  • Szankasi P, Smith GR, A single-stranded DNA exonuclease from Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Biochemistry, 31(29), 6769-73, July 1992 Abstract
  • Taylor AF, Smith GR, RecBCD enzyme is altered upon cutting DNA at a chi recombination hotspot, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 89(12), 5226-30, June 1992 Abstract
  • Szankasi P, Smith GR, A DNA exonuclease induced during meiosis of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 267(5), 3014-23, February 1992 Abstract
  • De Veaux LC, Hoagland NA, Smith GR, Seventeen complementation groups of mutations decreasing meiotic recombination in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Genetics, 130(2), 251-62, February 1992 Abstract
  • Ponticelli AS, Smith GR, Chromosomal context dependence of a eukaryotic recombinational hot spot, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 89(1), 227-31, January 1992 Abstract
  • Smith GR, Conjugational recombination in E. coli: myths and mechanisms, Cell, 64(1), 19-27, January 1991 Abstract
  • Amundsen SK, Neiman AM, Thibodeaux SM, Smith GR, Genetic dissection of the biochemical activities of RecBCD enzyme, Genetics, 126(1), 25-40, September 1990 Abstract
  • Taylor AF, Smith GR, Action of RecBCD enzyme on cruciform DNA, Journal of Molecular Biology, 211(1), 117-34, January 1990 Abstract
  • McKittrick NH, Smith GR, Activation of Chi recombinational hotspots by RecBCD-like enzymes from enteric bacteria, Journal of Molecular Biology, 210(3), 485-95, December 1989 Abstract
  • Smith GR, Homologous recombination in E. coli: multiple pathways for multiple reasons, Cell, 58(5), 807-9, September 1989 Abstract
  • Ponticelli AS, Smith GR, Meiotic recombination-deficient mutants of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Genetics, 123(1), 45-54, September 1989 Abstract
  • Cheng KC, Smith GR, Distribution of Chi-stimulated recombinational exchanges and heteroduplex endpoints in phage lambda, Genetics, 123(1), 5-17, September 1989 Abstract
  • Braedt G, Smith GR, Strand specificity of DNA unwinding by RecBCD enzyme, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 86(3), 871-5, February 1989 Abstract
  • Smith GR, Homologous recombination in prokaryotes: enzymes and controlling sites, Genome, 31(2), 520-7, 1989 Abstract
  • Ponticelli AS, Sena EP, Smith GR, Genetic and physical analysis of the M26 recombination hotspot of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Genetics, 119(3), 491-7, July 1988 Abstract
  • Smith GR, Homologous recombination in procaryotes [published erratum appears in Microbiol Rev 1988 Jun;52(2):304], Microbiological Reviews, 52(1), 1-28, March 1988 Abstract
  • Cheng KC, Smith GR, Cutting of chi-like sequences by the RecBCD enzyme of Escherichia coli, Journal of Molecular Biology, 194(4), 747-50, April 1987 Abstract
  • Smith GR, Mechanism and control of homologous recombination in Escherichia coli, Annual Review of Genetics, 21, 179-201, 1987 Abstract
  • Ennis DG, Amundsen SK, Smith GR, Genetic functions promoting homologous recombination in Escherichia coli: a study of inversions in phage lambda, Genetics, 115(1), 11-24, January 1987 Abstract
  • Amundsen SK, Taylor AF, Chaudhury AM, Smith GR, recD: the gene for an essential third subunit of exonuclease V, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 83(15), 5558-62, August 1986 Abstract
  • Schultz DW, Smith GR, Conservation of Chi cutting activity in terrestrial and marine enteric bacteria, Journal of Molecular Biology, 189(4), 585-95, June 1986 Abstract
  • Smith GR, Roberts CM, Schultz DW, Activity of Chi recombinational hotspots in Salmonella typhimurium, Genetics, 112(3), 429-39, March 1986 Abstract
  • Taylor AF, Smith GR, Substrate specificity of the DNA unwinding activity of the RecBC enzyme of Escherichia coli, Journal of Molecular Biology, 185(2), 431-43, September 1985 Abstract
  • Ponticelli AS, Schultz DW, Taylor AF, Smith GR, Chi-dependent DNA strand cleavage by RecBC enzyme, Cell, 41(1), 145-51, May 1985 Abstract
  • Taylor AF, Schultz DW, Ponticelli AS, Smith GR, RecBC enzyme nicking at Chi sites during DNA unwinding: location and orientation-dependence of the cutting, Cell, 41(1), 153-63, May 1985 Abstract
  • Chaudhury AM, Smith GR, Role of Escherichia coli RecBC enzyme in SOS induction, Molecular and General Genetics, 201(3), 525-8, 1985 Abstract
  • Chaudhury AM, Smith GR, A new class of Escherichia coli recBC mutants: implications for the role of RecBC enzyme in homologous recombination, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 81(24), 7850-4, December 1984 Abstract
  • Cheng KC, Smith GR, Recombinational hotspot activity of Chi-like sequences, Journal of Molecular Biology, 180(2), 371-7, December 1984 Abstract
  • Chaudhury AM, Smith GR, Escherichia coli recBC deletion mutants, Journal of Bacteriology, 160(2), 788-91, November 1984 Abstract
  • Lundblad V, Taylor AF, Smith GR, Kleckner N, Unusual alleles of recB and recC stimulate excision of inverted repeat transposons Tn10 and Tn5, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 81(3), 824-8, February 1984 Abstract
  • Smith GR, Amundsen SK, Chaudhury AM, Cheng KC, Ponticelli AS, Roberts CM, Schultz DW, Taylor AF, Roles of RecBC enzyme and chi sites in homologous recombination, Cold Spring Harbor Symposia On Quantitative Biology, 49, 485-95, 1984 Abstract
  • Smith GR, Chi hotspots of generalized recombination, Cell, 34(3), 709-10, October 1983 Abstract
  • Schultz DW, Taylor AF, Smith GR, Escherichia coli RecBC pseudorevertants lacking chi recombinational hotspot activity, Journal of Bacteriology, 155(2), 664-80, August 1983 Abstract
  • Owen JE, Schultz DW, Taylor A, Smith GR, Nucleotide sequence of the lysozyme gene of bacteriophage T4. Analysis of mutations involving repeated sequences, Journal of Molecular Biology, 165(2), 229-48, April 1983 Abstract
  • Triman KL, Chattoraj DK, Smith GR, Identity of a Chi site of Escherichia coli and Chi recombinational hotspots of bacteriophage lambda, Journal of Molecular Biology, 154(2), 393-9, January 1982 Abstract
  • Smith GR, DNA supercoiling: another level for regulating gene expression, Cell, 24(3), 599-600, June 1981 Abstract
  • Smith GR, Kunes SM, Schultz DW, Taylor A, Triman KL, Structure of chi hotspots of generalized recombination, Cell, 24(2), 429-36, May 1981 Abstract
  • Schultz DW, Swindle J, Smith GR, Clustering of mutations inactivating a Chi recombinational hotspot, Journal of Molecular Biology, 146(3), 275-86, March 1981 Abstract
  • Smith GR, Comb M, Schultz DW, Daniels DL, Blattner FR, Nucleotide sequence of the chi recombinational hot spot chi D in bacteriophage lambda, Journal of Virology, 37(1), 336-42, January 1981 Abstract
  • Taylor A, Smith GR, Unwinding and rewinding of DNA by the RecBC enzyme, Cell, 22(2 Pt 2), 447-57, November 1980 Abstract
  • Smith GR, Schultz DW, Crasemann JM, Generalized recombination: nucleotide sequence homology between Chi recombinational hotspots, Cell, 19(3), 785-93, March 1980 Abstract
  • Cseko YM, Dower NA, Minoo P, Lowenstein L, Smith GR, Stone J, Sederoff R, Evolution of polypyrimidines in Drosophila, Genetics, 92(2), 459-84, June 1979 Abstract
  • Smith GR, Faulds DH, Sprague KU, Nucleotide-sequence analysis of a chi site, Cold Spring Harbor Symposia On Quantitative Biology, 43 Pt 2, 1067-8, 1979 Abstract
  • Sprague KU, Faulds DH, Smith GR, A single base-pair change creates a Chi recombinational hotspot in bacteriophage lambda, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 75(12), 6182-6, December 1978 Abstract
  • Smith GR, Eisen H, Reichardt L, Hedgepeth J, Deletions of lambda phage locating a prm mutation within the rightward operator, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 73(3), 712-6, March 1976 Abstract
  • Smith GR, Hedgpeth J, Oligo(A) not coded by DNA generating 3'-terminal heterogeneity in a lambda phage RNA, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 250(12), 4818-21, June 1975 Abstract
  • Smith GR, Deletion mutations of the immunity region of coliphage lambda, Virology, 64(2), 544-52, April 1975 Abstract
  • Smith GR, Tong B, Construction of phi80 dhis carrying Salmonella typhimurium histidine operon mutations, Journal of Bacteriology, 120(3), 1223-6, December 1974 Abstract
  • Singer CE, Smith GR, Cortese R, Ames BN, Mutant TRNA His Ineffective in Repression and Lacking Two Pseudouridine Modifications, Nature New Biology, 238(81), 72-4, July 1972 Abstract
  • Singer CE, Smith GR, Histidine regulation in Salmonella typhimurium. 13. Nucleotide sequence of histidine transfer ribonucleic acid, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 247(10), 2989-3000, May 1972 Abstract
  • Hong JS, Smith GR, Ames BN, Adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate concentration in the bacterial host regulates the viral decision between lysogeny and lysis, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 68(9), 2258-62, September 1971 Abstract
  • Smith GR, Magasanik B, Nature and self-regulated synthesis of the repressor of the hut operons in Salmonella typhimurium, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 68(7), 1493-7, July 1971 Abstract
  • Smith GR, Specialized transduction of the Salmonella hut operons by coliphage lambda: deletion analysis of the hut operons employing lambda-phut, Virology, 45(1), 208-23, July 1971 Abstract
  • Smith GR, Magasanik B, The two operons of the histidine utilization system in Salmonella typhimurium, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 246(10), 3330-41, May 1971 Abstract
  • Smith GR, Halpern YS, Magasanik B, Genetic and metabolic control of enzymes responsible for histidine degradation in Salmonella typhimurium. 4-imidazolone-5-propionate amidohydrolase and N-formimino-L-glutamate formiminohydrolase, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 246(10), 3320-9, May 1971 Abstract

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