Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine Large Animal Clinical Sciences Meadow Brook ProfessorAppointed: 2004 |  |
QualificationsPh.D., Louisiana State University, Immunology, 1987. M.S., University of Massachusetts Amherst, Lactation Physiology, 1984. B.S., University of Massachusetts Amherst, Animal Science, 1981. Expertise and Research InterestsMastitis and atherosclerosis are progressive inflammatory based diseases that are associated with oxidant-induced endothelial cell dysfunction. The focus of our research is to study the redox control of host inflammatory responses during disease pathogenesis as related to altered vascular metabolism. Ongoing studies are examining how oxidative stress, a consequence of selenium deficiency, can change the redox status of endothelial cells and alter the pathophysiology of inflammatory-based diseases. Selenium nutritional status can influence relative levels of several important vascular-derived selenoproteins, such as glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase. A major objective is to identify which selenoproteins can influence cellular and molecular pathways that control vascular inflammatory or apoptotic responses during pro-oxidant challenge. Specifically, studies are focused on determining how either glutathione peroxidase or thioredoxin reductase can redox-regulate kinases and transcription factors that lead to enhance cytoprotective gene expression. Characterizing the role of specific selenoproteins that are responsible for endothelial cell homeostasis during pro-oxidant challenge may provide new insights as to how selenium may function as a nutraceutical and produce specific health benefits in combating vascular-based diseases. Other ExpertiseEditorial Boards: Member, Journal of Dairy Science Editorial Board, 1992-1997 Board of Scientific Reviewers, American Journal of Veterinary Research, American Veterinary Medical Association, 1993-1995 Veterinary Immunology & Immunopathology, 2001-present
Editor: Physiology & Management Section, Journal of Dairy Science, 2001-present
Grant and Project Reviews: - U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service CRIS Project. Beltsville, MD, 1990 - U.S.D.A. National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program, 1993-1995, 1998-present (Ad hoc reviewer) - U.S.D.A. Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 1994, 1997-2000 (Ad hoc reviewer) - Panel Member, Sustaining Animal Health and Well-Being, bacteriology study section, U.S.D.A. National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program, 1996 - In-depth Review Panel Member, Immunology and Disease Resistance Laboratory, Livestock and Poultry Science Institute, U.S.D.A., Beltsville, MD, April 1997 - NP 103 Animal Health Panel Review, Office of Scientific Quality Review, U.S.D.A., Beltsville, MD, May 2001 - Panel Member, Sustaining Animal Health and Well-Being, immunology study section, U.S.D.A. National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program, 2001 and 2002 - Panel Manager, Sustaining Animal Health and Well-Being, host-pathogen study section, U.S.D.A. National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program, 2003 KeywordsCOS Keywords:Animal Science, Apoptosis, Arteriosclerosis or Atherosclerosis, Bacterial Infections, Immunology, Inflammation, Pathogenesis.Additional Terms:Bovine Immunology, Eicosanoid, Endothelial Cell, Immunomodulation, Lactation Physiology, Mastitis, Oxidant Stress.MembershipsAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science American Association of Veterinary Immunologists American Association of Veterinary Immunologists American Dairy Science Association Mastitis Research Workers Society National Mastitis Council Honors and Awards1998, West Agro Award,
American Dairy Science Association,
Outstanding Research Towards Mastitis Abatement
1995, Agway Inc. Young Scientist Award,
American Dairy Science Association
1991, Technology Transfer Session Poster Competition,
National Mastitis Council,
Outstanding Poster Presentation
1990, International Mastitis Award,
Mammary Gland Physiological & Pathological Society,
Outstanding Research Paper Presentation
1985, Arceneaux Memorial Award,
Louisiana Society for Electron Microscopy,
Outstanding Student Research in electron Microscopy
1985, Milk Producers Federation,
American Dairy Science Association,
Outstanding Research Paper Presentation
Previous Positions2000-2003, Professor,
Pennsylvania State University,
Agricultural Sciences,
Veterinary Science
1994-2000, Associate Professor,
Pennsylvania State University,
Agricultural Sciences,
Veterinary Science
1992-1994, Assistant Professor,
Pennsylvania State University,
Agricultural Sciences,
Veterinary Science
1988-1992, Research Scientist,
University of Saskatchewan
1986-1988, Postdoctoral Research Associate,
University of Tennessee - Knoxville
1984-1986, Graduate Research Assistant,
Louisiana State University
1981-1983, Graduate Teaching Assistant,
University of Massachusetts Amherst
PatentsLymphocyte-derived antimicrobial protein (LDAP) and methods of isolating and producing and using the protein,
Patent Number: 6593457,
2003,
United States of America.
 SRIF related peptides and uses thereof,
Patent Number: 5212156,
1993,
United States of America.
 Method for the prevention and treatment of bovine mastitis with interferon,
Patent Number: 5124145,
1992,
Industry,
United States of America.
 Method for the treatment of bovine mastitis., United States of America, 5234684, 08/10/93, industry-owned Funding Received- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA):
Redox-Regulation of mammary Inflammatory Responses to Coliform Mastitis Pathogens,
2007
to 2010.
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA):
Influence of Selenoproteins in Promoting Cardiovascular Health,
2006
to 2010.
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA):
Increased Susceptibility to Bovine Mastitis During Oxidative Stress,
2005
to 2009.
Publications- Sordillo LM, Contreras GA, Aitken SL (Jun 2009) Metabolic factors affecting the inflammatory response of periparturient dairy cows., Animal health research reviews / Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, 10 (1), 53-63
 - Sordillo LM, Aitken SL (Mar 2009) Impact of oxidative stress on the health and immune function of dairy cattle., Veterinary immunology and immunopathology, 128 (1-3), 104-9
 - Aitken SL, Karcher EL, Rezamand P, Gandy JC, VandeHaar MJ, Capuco AV, Sordillo LM (Feb 2009) Evaluation of antioxidant and proinflammatory gene expression in bovine mammary tissue during the periparturient period., Journal of dairy science, 92 (2), 589-98
 - Corl CM, Gandy JC, Sordillo LM (Aug 2008) Platelet activating factor production and proinflammatory gene expression in endotoxin-challenged bovine mammary endothelial cells., Journal of dairy science, 91 (8), 3067-78
 - Sordillo LM, Streicher KL, Mullarky IK, Gandy JC, Trigona W, Corl CM (Jan 2008) Selenium inhibits 15-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid-induced intracellular adhesion molecule expression in aortic endothelial cells., Free radical biology & medicine, 44 (1), 34-43
 - Sordillo, L.M., N. O'Boyle, J.C. Gandy, C.M. Corl, and E. Hamilton (2007) Shifts in thioredoxin reductase activity and oxidant stress in mononuclear cells obtained from transition dairy cattle., Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 1186-1192
- Trigona, W., I.K. Mullarky, Y. Cao, and L.M. Sordillo. (2006) Thioredoxin reductase regulates the induction of heme oxygenase-1 expression in aortic endothelial cells., Biochemistry Journal, 15, 207-216
- O'Boyle, N., C.M. Corl, J.C. Gandy, and L.M. Sordillo (2006) Relationship of body condition score and oxidant stress to tumor necrosis factor expression in dairy cattle., Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 113, 297-304
- Sawant AA, Sordillo LM, Jayarao BM (Aug 2005) A survey on antibiotic usage in dairy herds in Pennsylvania, Journal of Dairy Science, 88 (8), 2991-9
- Sordillo, L.M. (2005) Factors affecting mammary gland immunity and mastitis susceptibility., Livestock Production Science, 98, 89-99
- Sordillo LM, Weaver JA, Cao YZ, Corl C, Sylte MJ, Mullarky IK (May 2005) Enhanced 15-HPETE production during oxidant stress induces apoptosis of
endothelial cells, Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators, 76 (1-4), 19-34
- Sordillo LM, Kendall JT, Corl CM, Cross TH (Apr 2005) Molecular characterization of a saposin-like protein family member
isolated from bovine lymphocytes, Journal of Dairy Science, 88 (4), 1378-90
- Page JL, Wang X, Sordillo LM, Johnson SE (Jul 2004) MEKK1 signaling through p38 leads to transcriptional inactivation of E47
and repression of skeletal myogenesis, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279 (30), 30966-72
- Streicher KL, Sylte MJ, Johnson SE, Sordillo LM (2004) Thioredoxin reductase regulates angiogenesis by increasing endothelial
cell-derived vascular endothelial growth factor, Nutrition and Cancer, 50 (2), 221-31
- Sharer MV, Su C, Hegde NV, Jayarao BM, Sordillo LM, Differential expression of the lactose transporter gene affects growth of, Journal of Dairy Science, 86(7), 2373-81, July 2003
- Corl CM, Cao YZ, Cohen ZS, Sordillo LM, Oxidant stress enhances Lyso-PAF-AcT activity by modifying phospholipase D, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 302(3), 610-4, March 2003
- Cao YZ, Weaver JA, Reddy CC, Sordillo LM, Selenium deficiency alters the formation of eicosanoids and signal, Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators, 70(1-2), 131-43, September 2002
- Prabhu KS, Zamamiri-Davis F, Stewart JB, Thompson JT, Sordillo LM, Reddy CC, Selenium deficiency increases the expression of inducible nitric oxide, Biochemical Journal, 366(Pt 1), 203-9, Aug 2002
- Zamamiri-Davis F, Lu Y, Thompson JT, Prabhu KS, Reddy PV, Sordillo LM, Reddy CC, Nuclear factor-kappaB mediates over-expression of cyclooxygenase-2 during, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 32(9), 890-7, May 2002
- Sordillo LM, Streicher KL, Mammary gland immunity and mastitis susceptibility, Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia, 7(2), 135-46, April 2002
 - Cao YZ, Cohen ZS, Weaver JA, Sordillo LM, Selenium modulates 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PAF), Antioxidants & Redox Signalling, 3(6), 1147-52, December 2001
- Prabhu KS, Reddy PV, Gumpricht E, Hildenbrandt GR, Scholz RW, Sordillo LM, Reddy CC, Microsomal glutathione S-transferase A1-1 with glutathione peroxidase, Biochemical Journal, 360(Pt 2), 345-54, December 2001
- Pillai SR, Kunze E, Sordillo LM, Jayarao BM, Application of differential inflammatory cell count as a tool to monitor, Journal of Dairy Science, 84(6), 1413-20, June 2001
- Weaver JA, Maddox JF, Cao YZ, Mullarky IK, Sordillo LM, Increased 15-HPETE production decreases prostacyclin synthase activity, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 30(3), 299-308, February 2001
- Mullarky IK, Su C, Frieze N, Park YH, Sordillo LM, Staphylococcus aureus agr genotypes with enterotoxin production, Infection and Immunity, 69(1), 45-51, Jan 2001
- Cao YZ, Reddy CC, Sordillo LM, Altered eicosanoid biosynthesis in selenium-deficient endothelial cells, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 28(3), 381-9, February 2000
 - Su C, Kanevsky I, Jayarao BM, Sordillo LM, Phylogenetic relationships of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis, Veterinary Microbiology, 71(1-2), 53-8, Jan 2000
- Shafer-Weaver KA, Corl CM, Sordillo LM, Shifts in bovine CD4+ subpopulations increase T-helper-2 compared with T-helper-1 effector cells during the postpartum period., Journal of Dairy Science, 82(8), 1696-706, August 1999
 - Maddox JF, Aherne KM, Reddy CC, Sordillo LM, Increased neutrophil adherence and adhesion molecule mRNA expression in endothelial cells during selenium deficiency., Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 65(5), 658-64, May 1999
 - Su C, Herbelin C, Frieze N, Skardova O, Sordillo LM, Coagulase gene polymorphism of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from dairy cattle in different geographical areas., Epidemiology and Infection, 122(2), 329-36, April 1999
 - Renauld AE, Melancon MJ, Sordillo LM, Identification of in vitro cytochrome P450 modulators to detect induction, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part C, Pharmacology, Toxicology & Endocrinology., 122(2), 273-81, February 1999
- Su C, Sordillo LM, A simple method to enrich mRNA from total prokaryotic RNA, Molecular Biotechnology, 10(1), 83-5, August 1998
 - Pighetti G M, Eskew M L, Reddy C C, Sordillo L M, Selenium and vitamin E deficiency impair transferrin receptor internalization but not IL-2, IL-2 receptor, or transferrin receptor expression., Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 63(1), 131-7, Jan 1998
 - Derosa D C, Sordillo L M, Efficacy of a bovine Staphylococcus aureus vaccine using interleukin-2 as an adjuvant., Zentralblatt Fur veterinarmedizin. Reihe B, 44(10), 599-607, December 1997
 - Fligger J M, Gibson C A, Sordillo L M, Baumrucker C R, Arginine supplementation increases weight gain, depresses antibody production, and alters circulating leukocyte profiles in preruminant calves without affecting plasma growth hormone concentrations., Journal of Animal Science, 75(11), 3019-25, November 1997
 - Sordillo LM, Shafer-Weaver K, DeRosa D, Immunobiology of the mammary gland., Journal of Dairy Science, 80(8), 1851-65, 1997
 - Shafer-Weaver K A, Sordillo L M, Bovine CD8+ suppressor lymphocytes alter immune responsiveness during the postpartum period., Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 56(1-2), 53-64, May 1997
 - Sordillo, LM., KA. Shafer-Weaver, DC. DeRosa, Immunobiology of the mammary gland, Journal of Dairy Science, 80, 1851-1865, 1997
- Cao Y Z, Reddy P V, Sordillo L M, Hildenbrandt G R, Reddy C C, Evidence for G-protein-dependent and G-protein-independent activation of phospholipase D in lymphocytes., Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 229(2), 630-4, 13 Dec 1996
 - Shafer-Weaver K A, Sordillo L M, Enhancing bactericidal activity of bovine lymphoid cells during the periparturient period., Journal of Dairy Science, 79(8), 1347-52, August 1996
 - Shafer-Weaver K A, Pighetti G M, Sordillo L M, Diminished mammary gland lymphocyte functions parallel shifts in trafficking patterns during the postpartum period., Proceedings of The Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 212(3), 271-80, July 1996
 - Pighetti G M, Sordillo L M, Specific immune responses of dairy cattle after primary inoculation with recombinant bovine interferon-gamma as an adjuvant when vaccinating against mastitis., American Journal of Veterinary Research, 57(6), 819-24, June 1996
 - Shafer-Weaver, KA., GM. Pighetti, LM. Sordillo, Diminished mammary gland lymphocyte functions parallel shifts in trafficking patterns during the post partum period, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 212, 271-279, 1996
- Sordillo L M, Pighetti G M, Davis M R, Enhanced production of bovine tumor necrosis factor-alpha during the periparturient period., Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 49(3), 263-70, December 1995
 - Aarestrup FM, Dangler CA, Sordillo LM, Prevalence of coagulase gene polymorphism in Staphylococcus aureus, Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research = Revue Canadienne De Recherche Veterinaire., 59(2), 124-8, April 1995
- Pighetti G M, Sordillo L M, Enhanced antigen-specific responses in bovine mammary glands following administration of interleukin-2., Journal of Dairy Science, 78(3), 528-37, March 1995
 - Hogan JS, Weiss WP, Smith KL, Todhunter DA, Schoenberger PS, Sordillo LM, Effects of an Escherichia coli J5 vaccine on mild clinical coliform, Journal of Dairy Science, 78(2), 285-90, February 1995
- Aherne, KM., MR. Davis, LM. Sordillo, Isolation and characterization of bovine mammary endothelial cells, Methods in Cell Science, 17, 41-46, 1995
- Aarestrup FM, Scott NL, Sordillo LM, Ability of Staphylococcus aureus coagulase genotypes to resist neutrophil, Infection and Immunity, 62(12), 5679-82, December 1994
- Sordillo LM, Hicks CR, Pighetti GM, Altered interleukin-2 production by lymphocyte populations from bovine, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (new York, N. Y.), 207(3), 268-73, December 1994
- Pighetti GM, Sordillo LM, Regulation of mammary gland macrophage tumour necrosis factor-alpha, Research in Veterinary Science, 56(2), 252-5, March 1994
- Quiroga GH, Sordillo LM, Adkinson RW, Nickerson SC, Cytologic responses of Staphylococcus aureus-infected mammary glands of, American Journal of Veterinary Research, 54(11), 1894-900, November 1993
- Sordillo LM, Hicks CR, Wilson R, Maddox J, Effects of selenium status on bovine mononuclear cell function, Zentralblatt Fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe a, 40(8), 615-23, October 1993
 - Campos M, Godson D, Hughes H, Babiuk L, Sordillo L, The role of biological response modifiers in disease control, Journal of Dairy Science, 76(8), 2407-17, August 1993
 - Hogan JS, Todhunter DA, Smith KL, Schoenberger PS, Sordillo LM, Growth responses of coliform bacteria to recombinant bovine cytokines, Journal of Dairy Science, 76(4), 978-82, April 1993
 - Sordillo LM, Peel JE, Effect of interferon-gamma on the production of tumor necrosis factor, Journal of Dairy Science, 75(8), 2119-25, August 1992
- Sordillo LM, Snider M, Babiuk LA, Physiological and morphological changes in bovine mammary glands following, Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research = Revue Canadienne De Recherche Veterinaire., 56(1), 22-7, January 1992
- Sordillo LM, Afseth G, Davies G, Babiuk LA, Effects of recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on, Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research = Revue Canadienne De Recherche Veterinaire., 56(1), 16-21, January 1992
- Campos M, Hughes HP, Godson DL, Sordillo LM, Rossi-Campos A, Babiuk LA, Clinical and immunological effects of single bolus administration of, Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research = Revue Canadienne De Recherche Veterinaire., 56(1), 10-5, January 1992
- Hughes HP, Campos M, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Zamb T, Sordillo LM, Godson D, Babiuk LA, Multiple administration with interleukin-2 potentiates antigen-specific, Vaccine, 10(4), 226-30, 1992
- Babiuk LA, Sordillo LM, Campos M, Hughes HP, Rossi-Campos A, Harland R, Application of interferons in the control of infectious diseases of, Journal of Dairy Science, 74(12), 4385-98, December 1991
- Sordillo LM, Snider M, Hughes H, Afseth G, Campos M, Babiuk LA, Pathological changes in bovine mammary glands following intramammary, Journal of Dairy Science, 74(12), 4164-74, December 1991
- Sordillo LM, Campos M, Babiuk LA, Antibacterial activity of bovine mammary gland lymphocytes following, Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10), 3370-5, October 1991
- Sordillo LM, Babiuk LA, Controlling acute Escherichia coli mastitis during the periparturient, Veterinary Microbiology, 28(2), 189-98, July 1991
- Sordillo LM, Redmond MJ, Campos M, Warren L, Babiuk LA, Cytokine activity in bovine mammary gland secretions during the, Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research = Revue Canadienne De Recherche Veterinaire., 55(3), 298-301, July 1991
- Sordillo LM, Babiuk LA, Modulation of bovine mammary neutrophil function during the periparturient, Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 27(4), 393-402, February 1991
- Sordillo LM, Doymaz MZ, Oliver SP, Distribution of immunoglobulin-bearing leukocytes in bovine mammary tissue, Zentralblatt Fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe B. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series B., 37(6), 473-6, August 1990
- Oliver SP, King SH, Torre PM, Shull EP, Dowlen HH, Lewis MJ, Sordillo LM, Prevention of bovine mastitis by a postmilking teat disinfectant, Journal of Dairy Science, 72(11), 3091-7, November 1989
- Sordillo LM, Doymaz MZ, Oliver SP, Morphological study of chronic Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in the, Research in Veterinary Science, 47(2), 247-52, September 1989
- Oliver SP, Sordillo LM, Approaches to the manipulation of mammary involution, Journal of Dairy Science, 72(6), 1647-64, June 1989
 - Sordillo LM, Doymaz MZ, Oliver SP, Dermody JT, Leukocytic infiltration of bovine mammary parenchymal tissue in response, Journal of Dairy Science, 72(4), 1045-51, April 1989
- Sordillo LM, Oliver SP, Doane RM, Shull EP, Maki JL, Duration of experimentally induced Corynebacterium bovis colonization of, American Journal of Veterinary Research, 50(2), 267-70, February 1989
- Sordillo LM, Nickerson SC, Akers RM, Pathology of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis during lactogenesis:, Journal of Dairy Science, 72(1), 228-40, January 1989
- Doymaz MZ, Sordillo LM, Oliver SP, Guidry AJ, Effects of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis on bovine mammary gland plasma, Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 20(1), 87-93, December 1988
- Sordillo LM, Oliver SP, Guidry AJ, Dermody JT, Humoral immune response of bovine mammary glands colonized with, Zentralblatt Fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe B. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series B., 35(8), 617-27, October 1988
- Oliver SP, Sordillo LM, Udder health in the periparturient period, Journal of Dairy Science, 71(9), 2584-606, September 1988
 - Sordillo LM, Nickerson SC, Morphologic changes in the bovine mammary gland during involution and, American Journal of Veterinary Research, 49(7), 1112-20, July 1988
- Sordillo LM, Oliver SP, Akers RM, Culture of bovine mammary epithelial cells in D-valine modified medium:, Cell Biology International Reports, 12(5), 355-64, May 1988
- Sordillo LM, Nickerson SC, Quantification and immunoglobulin classification of plasma cells in, Journal of Dairy Science, 71(1), 84-91, January 1988
- Nickerson SC, Sordillo LM, Origin, fate, and properties of multinucleated giant cells and their, Immunobiology, 174(2), 200-9, March 1987
- Sordillo LM, Nickerson SC, Akers RM, Oliver SP, Secretion composition during bovine mammary involution and the, The International Journal of Biochemistry, 19(12), 1165-72, 1987
- Sordillo LM, Nickerson SC, Morphological changes caused by experimental Streptococcus uberis mastitis, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (new York, N. Y.), 182(4), 522-30, September 1986
- Sordillo LM, Nickerson SC, Growth patterns and histochemical characterization of bovine mammary, The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry : Official Journal of the Histochemistry Society., 34(5), 593-7, May 1986
- Nickerson SC, Sordillo LM, Boddie NT, Saxton AM, Prevalence and ultrastructural characteristics of bovine mammary corpora, Journal of Dairy Science, 68(3), 709-17, March 1985
- Nickerson SC, Sordillo LM, Role of macrophages and multinucleate giant cells in the resorption of, Cell and Tissue Research, 240(2), 397-401, 1985
- Sordillo LM, Oliver SP, Nickerson SC, Caprine mammary differentiation and initiation of lactation following, The International Journal of Biochemistry, 16(12), 1265-72, 1984
- Sordillo LM, Oliver SP, Duby RT, Rufner R, Effects of colchicine on milk yield, composition, and cellular, The International Journal of Biochemistry, 16(11), 1135-41, 1984
Profile DetailsIndividual Expertise profile of Lorraine Marie Sordillo, Copyright Lorraine Marie Sordillo. © COS Expertise TM, 2009, ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. |